Giraffe Project Award Essay

Joseph Nicholas, 61, a former tribal council r and state preventative, and David Francis, 70, a former clam digger, woodchopper an d blueberry picker, went out of their way to help prevent a language who's already in a severe case e Of extinction. Joseph and David both provide acts out of caring. They are teaching the child en of Amine's Pusillanimous Indian Tribe how to learn a new language, which in t his case, is new to the children but very old to them. The language Pusillanimous is New Engle end's last living Indian language.They should teach this language to help preserve greater ext .NET of it's extinction. Joseph and David are willing to take on significant personal risk. Francis gather RSI words and phrases for a second edition Of the Pusillanimous dictionary. According g to him, if they â€Å"lose their language, they will lose their identity, its the last thing Indians have. † Joseph and David want Indian children to have and take pride in their own heritage.  "Our own kids had no sense of who we really were†. In general, culture and the languages we speak builds up our identity.A lot of people are, and would like to be even more proud of who the y are and where hey come from. Thanks to Joseph and David willing to take on significant per sonar risk, these Indian kids in that tribe will have something to take pride in, which was theirs from the beginning. The two also rock the boat to make thing better, and not more exciting. They are fighting back with special bilingual booklets, instructional videotapes, and classes. â€Å"Mind mans are always the lazy, bad guys in the history books,† says Nicholas. Being stereotyped is De finitely not something to be proud of.In general, nobody would want their race being poor rayed in a bad way, especially broadcasted in public or written in books. So, they're changing peoples minds by not only teaching the language, but by rocking the boat a little by taking that e extra step of fighting with public broadcastings that make their heritage look bad. David and Joseph are only working, teaching the children of Main?s Passim quoted Indian tribe currently. But, at the same time, they are also gathering terms for a second edition of the Pusillanimous dictionary. Believe that they are doing the best they can to preserve this old language, one step at a time.Candidates Joseph Nicholas and David Francis should definitely win the Giraffe e Award. They've proven themselves to go above and beyond of just helping preserve a n extinct language. They have acts out of caring by teaching and Indian Tribe a new Ian gauge, rocked the boat to make thing better by fighting with broadcasted negativity towards thee r heritage, and they took significant personal risk by by gathering words and phrases in trying to make a second edition of the Pusillanimous dictionary. Without fail, they've stolen my vote fairly.

Carrer Path Nursing

The health field is my career of choice. Becoming a registered nurse is my ultimate goal. The nursing field is the best fit for me. I take pride in helping others whenever possible. There are many kinds of different field in the health industry that will fit me best. There are many different aspects as to why I want to become a registered nurse. The salary, responsibilities, skills and lifelong learning opportunities are what draw me to the health field. Becoming a registered nurse is one of my main goals during my time at Bryant & Stratton.When I finish school becoming a nurse means that I am responsible for health and sake of others. People will depend on me to provide the best service possible for them and the ones they love. On average in the state of Ohio a registered nurse in 2010 makes 44,000 to 78, 000 dollars a year (â€Å"Career One Stop,† n. d. , para. 2). The responsibilities that come with the job are endless. I will be keeping track of a patient’s health, drug dosage, growth of sickness and lending a helping hand to a doctor when needed. The skill I will need and obtain on the job will allow me to excel throughout the rest of my life.According to Career One Stop here are a few skill and abilities I will need and gain from the field: â€Å"Skills: Active Listening – Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Speaking – Talking to others to convey information effectively. Critical Thinking – Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.Judgment and Decision Making – Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. Service Orientation – Actively looking for ways to help people. Social Perceptiveness – Being aware of others ' reactions and understanding why they react as they do. Abilities: Problem Sensitivity – The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. Oral Comprehension – The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.Inductive Reasoning – The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Oral Expression – The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand. Arm-Hand Steadiness – The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position. Information Ordering – The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e. g. patterns of numbers, let ters, words, pictures, mathematical operations). Speech Recognition to identify and understand the speech of another person. †(CareerOneStop,† n. d. , para. 5). – The ability In this field there will always be room for improvement. I will each and every day retain new information and grow as an individual to provide great service. A registered nurse is the main focus of my schooling as of right now. A registered nurse is my main goal but anesthesiologist is also a field I am interested in. Any job in the medical field is needed all over the world.There is a high demand for people to work in the health care field. An anesthesiologist would be my second career goal. The salary according to career one stop in the state of Ohio from 2010 is between 129,000 to 127,000 dollars a year. (â€Å"Career One Stop,† n. d. , para. 2) Anesthesiologists are responsible for putting people under for surgeries. They check people’s blood types and determine the right am ount of fluid to give to make a person sleep during a surgery. This job is very important not only to the patient but also to the surgeon so they can successfully perform a surgery.Here are a few skills and abilities that are needed for this field: â€Å"Skills: Active Listening – Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Critical Thinking – Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems. Monitoring – Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.Reading Comprehension – Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Judgment and Decision Making – Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. Science – Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems. Speaking – Talking to others to convey information effectively. Abilities: Problem Sensitivity – The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.Oral Comprehension – The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences. Deductive Reasoning – The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense. Inductive Reasoning – The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Near Vision – The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer). †(â€Å"CareerOneStop,†n. d. , para. 3) Like a registered nurse there is always room to lear n new abilities and skills for the job.There will always be lifelong learning opportunities. Anesthesiologist draws me in because of the salary but a veterinarian would be the next field of interest. A veterinarian is a health care profession that deals with the health and well being of animals. You still need the same judgment in this field. You are responsible for the health of animals. They cannot speak for themselves for you have to be the voice for them. According to Career One Stop on average in the state of Ohio in 2010 a veterinarian makes between 53,000 to 120,000 dollars a year. (â€Å"CareerOneStop,† n. d, para. ) Animals are becoming more and more like children to people and their health is very important to people. Skills and abilities are endless in this field. Here are a few skills and abilities needed for this field: Skills: Science – Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems. Active Listening – Giving full attention to what other peop le are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Critical Thinking – Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.Speaking – Talking to others to convey information effectively. Judgment and Decision Making – Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. Reading Comprehension – Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Abilities: Inductive Reasoning – The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Oral Comprehension – The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.Oral Expression – The ability to communicate infor mation and ideas in speaking so others will understand. Problem Sensitivity – The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. Deductive Reasoning – The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense. (â€Å"CareerOneStop,†n. d. ,para 4) Learning opportunities are endless in this field. New disease and sicknesses are being developed daily and there is always room for improvement. Becoming a veterinarian is the last field that interests me.After reviewing all of my interested career paths I have concluded that a registered nurse is my goal. Becoming a registered nurse will take a lot of hard work and dedication but it is the main career goal. I am pursing this field because of the salary, responsibilities and skills that come with the job. Helping others will give me a sense of worth. Though anesthesiologist and a veterinarian do interest me I will continue in the path I am headed in. According to Mayo school of Health Sciences, â€Å"Nurses work to promote health, prevent disease and help patients cope with illness.They are advocates and health educators for patients, families and communities†. (Mayo Clinic, n. d. , para. 1) I am a nurturing person and a nurse will allow me to display these skills. References Occupation Profile – America's Career InfoNet. (n. d. ). Welcome to America's Career InfoNet. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www. careerinfonet. org/occ_rep. asp? next=occ_rep;Level=;optstatus=111111111;jobfam=29;id=1;nodeid=2;soccode=291141;stfips=39;x=0;y=0 Registered Nurse Career Overview. (n. d. ). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www. mayo. edu/mshs/rn-career. html

Conditioning Procedures in Shaping Children’s Behaviour Essay

A child is repeatedly exhibiting inappropriate and unwanted behaviour (e.g. hitting sibling), which conditioning procedures could be used to most effectively stop this? Behaviours that produce favourable consequences are repeated and become habits, but those that produce unfavourable consequences tend not to recur (Ouellette and Wood, 1998 as cited in Martin et.al, 2006). Experience changes the probability of repeating certain behaviours indicating that learning involves adaptation. As time goes on, old behaviours are eliminated and new behaviours are learned. Pavlov discovered and formalized many of the most important laws of classical behaviour, B.F.Skinner (1938) investigated and formalized may of the basic laws of operant behavior. (Sheppard & Willoughby, 1975). Habituation and classical conditioning taught us the stimuli in the environment where we learn to ignore unimportant stimuli and learn those that predict occurrence of the important ones. (Martin et.al, 2006). Operant conditioning involves the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behaviour. Operant conditioning was first discovered by Edward L. Thorndike where he placed a hungry cat in a small chamber called puzzle box with food placed outside as a stimuli where the car need to performed an appropriate response to open the door of the puzzle box. The cat become less random and more efficient until it open the latch without hesitation after several random attempt. Thorndike called this relation between a response and its consequences the law of effect. (Martin et.al, 2006). Although Thorndike discovered the law of effect, B.F Skinner was the one who brought the study of operant conditioning into the lab and devised objective methods for studying human behaviour. He invented the operant chamber which is also known as the Skinner box where animal’s behaviour can be easily observed, manipulated, and automatically recorded. Operant conditioning allows us to learn association between behaviour and outcome. It teaches children to modify their behaviour to maximise the possible rewards they can get and taught them to learn from previous experience. When a child is repeatedly exhibiting inappropriate and unwanted behaviour, operant conditioning can be used to correct the behaviour of the child. There are four basic principles used in the operant conditioning, which can be described as positive reinforcement (reward), negative reinforcement (escape), punishment and omission. (Rachlin, 1976) Positive reinforcement and punishments referred  as environmental events that may affect on individuals. Reinforcement Is neither an environmental nor a behavioural event but a relationship between two which tends to increase responding by either positive or negative means. Whereas punishment is a relationship that tends to decrease responding by either positive or negative means. Operant behaviour is modified by its consequences and the consequences which modify behaviour are called reinforcers. Consequences Positive reinforcement is where there is an increase in the frequency of response behaviour that is regularly and reliably followed by a positive stimulus. Positive reinforcement can also be considered in terms of reward. The principle of reward was stated in Thorndike’s â€Å"law of effect† – a reward tends to increase the probability that the response to which it is related will recur. (Rachlin, 1976) The effect of the reward will be pleasant and reinforce the behaviour of children. For example candy or attention can serve as rewards for children if they behave properly. This might encourage them to stop the inappropriate behaviour as behaving properly will give them something nice. Negative reinforcement involves the avoidance of an aversive stimulus, also known as escape. Negative reinforcement work in two ways, either it decreases the frequency of occurrence of operant behaviour that it follows or it increases the frequency of occurrence of operant behaviour that removes or terminates it. (Sheppard & Willoughby, 1975) The consequences are often painful and the effects are unpleasant. Because of the nature of aversive stimuli of negative reinforcement, it is usually difficult to program long intervals between negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement might be effective if the aversive stimuli is used wisely. One of the commonly used procedures for weakening operant behaviour is punishment. Punishment refers to a decrease in the frequency of the response that is regularly and reliably followed by an aversive stimulus. (Martin et.al, 2006). The principle of punishment is the inverse of Thorndike’s law – an aversive, or noxious, stimulus tends to decrease the probability that the response to which it is related will occur. (Rachlin, 1976) In operant conditioning, reinforcement is neither an environmental nor behavioural event, but a relationship between the two that tends to increase responding by either positive or negative means. Punishment, likewise, is a relationship that tends to decrease responding by either positive or negative means. Parents will often  choose punishment such as scolding or sometimes some physical punishment if the children exhibit inappropriate behaviour. Punishment has an immediate effect on unwanted behaviour. When a parents spanks a child for hitting their siblings or yells at them for their misbehaviour, the immediate decrease in the punished response negatively reinforces the parent’s spanking response. Many parents rely heavily on punishment to terminate the aversive behaviour of their children without fully understanding the effects of punishment. However, Punishment can produce a number of undesirable effects. First, punishment can results in emotional trauma such as fear, anger, anxiety and depression. It might cause the disruption of learning and performance of the children. Secondly, punishment sometimes might lead to suppression of all behaviours, not only the misbehaviour being punished. Furthermore, punishment requires continual monitoring of the individual’s behaviour in the real world. The use of punishment might try to encircle the rules of escape from the situation entirely. Mazur (1998) held that if the teacher used punishment as his primary method of behavioural control, a child might try to hide the proof of their misbehaviour. It might not help to correct the misbehaviour of the child. Another problem associated with punishment is that it can lead to aggressive behaviour by the punished child. This aggression might be directed against the punisher or another individual. With the numerous disadvantages above, parents should be using punishment wisely and with great care as it might influence the behaviour of children in the future. A negative punishment or an omission of reward occurs when the absence of a reward, otherwise present in the environment, is related to the response. Like punishment, the omission of reward tends to decrease the probability that the response will recur. (Rachlin, 1976) Example of omission is that parents may confiscate the child’s favourite toy or grounding the child for his misbehaviour. In operant conditioning, extinction consists in the removal of the conditioning relationship between response and reward or punishment. (Rachlin, 1976) Behaviour that is not longer being reinforced will then decrease in frequency. Example is that a child will stop crying and shouting if the parents choose to ignore him. However, extinction is not the same as forgetting. Forgetting takes place when a behaviour is not rehearsed for a long time. Extinction takes place when a person makes a response that is no  longer reinforced. (Martin et.al, 2006). Another procedure where parents can stop the child from exhibiting inappropriate behaviour is by using a technique developed by Skinner called shaping. It involves reinforcing any behaviour that successively approximates the desired response. (Martin et.al, 2006) Parents can teach children about behaving properly and praises children for their good behaviour. Rewards will be given and children will reinforce their good behaviour. Successful shaping requires that the right step size be selected and that each approximation be reinforced only enough times to allow the criterion to be increase while still maintaining the behaviour at each step. (Sheppard & Willoughby, 1975) However, there are some limitation to the Reinforcement is mainly studied in terms of primary reinforcers and primary punishers. Primary reinforcers are the biological positive (appetitive) unconditioned stimuli such as food and water. Primary punishers are the biological negative (aversive) unconditioned stimuli such as pain and illness. Other than that, behaviour can also be reinforced with wide variety of stimuli. These stimuli are called conditioned or secondary reinforcers. It is the stimuli that have acquired their positive and negative values through conditioning. Examples of positive value might be money and negative values might be fines. Similarly, conditioned punishers acquire their punishing effects through association with aversive events. (Martin et.al, 2006). Example of this is children get lecture or even grounded for their misbehaviour. Conditioned reinforcement and punishment are very important in permitting an organism’s behaviour to be affected by stimuli that are not biologically important in themselves but that are regularly associated with the onset or termination of biologically important stimuli. (Martin et.al, 2006) Conditioned reinforcers and punishers allow for behaviour to be altered by a wide variety of contingencies. In conclusion, when a child exhibit an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour, parents should consider using appropriate conditioning methods to effectively stop the wrong behaviour of the child. Positive reinforcement is a better option than punishment in altering behaviour as positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioural modification, whereas punishment only temporarily changes behaviour and presents many detrimental  side effects. Reference: Martin, G.N., Carlson, N.R., & Bukist, G.N. (2007). Psychology, 3rd Edition. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. Mazur, J.E. (1998). Learning and Behaviour, 4th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Sheppard, W.C.,& Willoughby, R.H.(1975). Child Behavior: Learning and Development. Rand McNally College Publishing Company. Walker, S. (1984). Learning Theory and Behaviour Modification. Methuen. Rachlin, H. (1976). Behavior and Learning. W.H. Freeman and Company.

Leadership in Infromation Technology Research Paper

Leadership in Infromation Technology - Research Paper Example However, little population ranks self-knowledge as most critical. Using means, the rank order of knowledge domains is as follows: Business environments (1.5) Technology (2.14) Self and human resources (2.57 and 2.57) Finance (3.86) Much of the literature available addresses leadership at a strategic level. Clearly the most critical role of effective IT leaders is perceived to be the communicator role, followed by facilitator, guide, partner, and collaborator. Informal management styles seem to be preferred in technology intense organizations. (Lewis, S. & Lewis, 2005) The roles of tactician, technical guru, and human resources leader receives middle rankings while commander, servant, dictator, king or queen receive the lowest ranking for effective IT leaders. Congruent with this ranking of roles for effective IT leaders, team building is considered the most important function, followed by management, then creating. Leadership in Information Technology in Private Industry When the inf ormation technological skills of leadership are combined with an ability to use software to solve IT problems as in Acorn Computer City, New York, leaders of the organization are better equipped to move among the various agencies comprising our society. It was assessed whether leaders of IT firm can be trained, what characteristics are important for IT leaders of the organization, and what is the best environment to encourage IT leadership. While strategic leadership is possible at all levels within the organization, there is a need for work on leadership at the project leader/project manager level. As Sear (2008) pointed out, IT leaders have a difficult time making the transition from skilled technical work to project leader. Not only are they better able to use software to manage their... The concept of communication with a physician via e-mail is not really a future capability; it is available now and used to a very limited extent. What stands in the way of its widespread use is not the absence of cutting-edge communication technology, but rather a broken payment system. Physicians are paid relatively well for procedures, relatively poorly for office visits, and not at all for telephone or e-mail advice. Increasing the bandwidth for patients without fixing reimbursement is more likely to lead to a future state where frustrated patients complain, "My doctor doesn't return my phone calls or answer my e-mail." One of the more contentious but critically important issues today is the so-called misalignment of the costs and benefits of health IT. Essentially, the argument is that under our current fragmented healthcare system, physicians and hospitals pay for IT, and most of the benefit flows to payers. The Center for Information Technology Leadership modeled the cost and benefit of an ambulatory computerized physician order entry system, and concluded that 89 percent of the benefit accrued to payers, with only 11 percent flowing to providers (Johnston et al. 2003). Nelson references the landmark Wang study, which looked at system benefits of an advanced EHR in an office practice. Wang concluded that primarily by reducing pharmacy expenditures and avoiding redundant testing, payers would save about $86,000 per physician over five years-thus making the first real economic argument for payers funding EHRs for physicians.

The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh - Essay Example Most nightly features, including the moon, are exaggerated with yellow colour to highlight their effects and create a sense of ease when viewing the picture. The swirling clouds and the radiance surrounding the stars create a sense of movement as if the sky were in constant motion and turbulence. Use of white and yellow attracts the viewer’s attention the sky. This false perception helps maintain the vision of viewers and encourages them to pursue the other elements embodied within the painting. It is possible that bouts of depression and hallucination could be behind his thick and distinctive brushstrokes that further dramatize the painting4. The sky gives way to a number of hills and a small town at their base. In contrast to the vibrant sky, the town appears peaceful with its occupants enjoying a blissful night of sleep. The cooler and darker colours used to paint the town and the hillside could perhaps be a reminder of our vision during childhood of darkness and the nightl y skies5. The much larger and taller church seem to overwhelm every other building in the town and project the notion of tranquillity and peace within the town. The depiction of the church is further symbolic of its significant role in the daily lives of the town’s residents. The size and wobbly portrayal of the cypress trees to the left symbolizes its isolation and embodies a sense of depth within the artwork. Q5 Van Gogh painted the ‘Starry Night’ in 1888 while he was resident in a mental asylum. Rather than being a real life portrait, the painting is a depiction of Van Gogh’s imaginary vision when he looks out of his window. It is evident that this impressionist portrayal is highly creative and casts a heart rendering insight into Van Gogh’s mental health. In fact, Van... Van Gogh completed ‘The Starry Night’ about an year before his death at the mental asylum in Saint-Remy. This painting is widely regarded as the best work of Van Gogh as it depicts his struggles between reality and insanity. This artwork depicts radiant streaks of yellow emanating from the planets that rotate like cartwheels . The scenery seems shaky and in turbulence, although the brightly lit night sky appears calm and restful. ‘Starry Night’ has played a revolutionary role in modern art and has been highly sought after and replicated. In his early years, Van Gogh had wanted to devote his time towards the poor and needy. In fact, his desire for religion and evangelization is believed to be reflected in the eleven stars that occupy the nightly sky in the painting. Experts like (include author) cite Genesis 37-9 as clear evidence towards this connection: "And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more; and, behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me." In fact, this religious inclination is showcased in earlier paintings such as the 1888 depiction of stars on the Rhone river. Much like the ‘Starry Night’, this painting contains similar features such as night sky being washed with bright streaks of yellow light from several stars. The reflection of the city’s (Arles) lights in the river water instils an added sense of reality into the canvas and maintains the vision of the viewer. This is further enhanced by distant structures that are lit up from the glowing night sky. The ‘Starry Night’ played a key role in the emergence of modern art during the post-impressionist era.

Consumer Behaviour - Learning Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Behaviour - Learning Theory - Essay Example Looking at this advert, emotions are aroused making it so attractive and appetising especially when the viewer combines what he sees with environmental experiences with sausages or his perception of just how delicious this breakfast dish looks like. As such, cognitive, emotional and environmental influences as well as prior experiences all play a part of how understanding is acquired and knowledge and skills retained and ultimately how this advert could be received. Learning theory proposes that individuals learn in different ways and styles and how they perceive the information. Cognitive conditioning embraces situations where a learner’s behaviour is studied rather than studying his environment. As a result, in these adverts, cognition conditioning becomes very important as they target the psychology of the viewer thereby persuading him to looking for the dish or outfit described in the adverts. The conditioning looks beyond behaviour to consider how human memory works to promote learning. The advertisement is designed in such a way that it enhances the memory of the audience. It is usually argued that pictures speak more than words – a picture is worth a thousand words (Vakratsas & Ambler, 1999). The images used in both advertisements are, therefore, intended to ensure that the information is captured and retained by the intended audience. While attracting more of the potential clients, the advents’ cognitive potential ensures that they retain the actual clients of the brand. Cognitive conditioning explains social role acquisition int elligence and memory in regards to age. Consumers store information on products or a print advert of the product in their brains which they later would retrieve. Retrieval of information is assisted by clues which may be self generated or external and may take forms of images, shapes and Colour (Rothschild & Gaidis, 1991). The Company needs to focus on

Measuring an Applicant's Characteristics Case Study

Measuring an Applicant's Characteristics - Case Study Example In addition, a recommendation in relation to measurement of applicants’ characteristics and rankings has also been provided in this report. At the end of the report, potential legal liabilities arising out of the recommended option have been noted down, which the employer shall take into consideration. Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Process While going through the current process of hiring an employee, which aims at  effectively measuring applicant knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics, it can be observed that there are some strengths and weaknesses in the process. The strengths and weaknesses are separately discussed as under: Strengths Keeping in view the current process, it can be stated that some of the measures used to evaluate an applicant are effective. As for instance, measures like testing the ability of an applicant to manage conversations with demanding customers and testing the basic computer skills and accuracy of data entry are all streng ths of the current process. Weaknesses On the other hand, reviewing the existing process of hiring new employees for CSR 1, there are a few weaknesses in the process. As for instance the fluency in English requires testing of reading, writing and speaking skills of individual applicants, and no emphasis is placed on listening skills, which form an important part of their job. On the other hand, although there is a system in place for assuring good attendance of the new hired employees, but it does not seem to work effectively, as there is high turnover of newly hired employees in training phase. Options for Predicting Employees’ Attendance Employees’ attendance is a crucial factor in ensuring smooth flow of an organization’s operations and activities. Absenteeism, which refers to an employee being absent from work, has been considered by a number of researchers in the past (Kingery, 2009; Ivancevich, 1985). The options available for predicting an applicantâ€⠄¢s attendance, if hired by the company, include evaluation of various aspects of that individual’s personality and traits. By considering these personality and traits (Macan, 2009). The existing problem in this regard for Iron Town Incorporation is that newly hired employees have a high turnover during the training session. In this regard, it is important that a brief description of training program is incorporated in the employee hiring process, which will enable applicants to understand the procedure they will go through, thus filtering out those employees who do not like the training program or do not want to be a part of it for any other reason (Honer, Wright, & Sablynski, 2007; Macan, 2009). Moreover, other initiatives which can be included in the staffing process for predicting employees’ attendance can be review of their previous employment record, asking for references and corresponding with them regarding their absenteeism. In addition, it is also desirable t o evaluate the financial aspects and nature of job offered to applicants by checking his or her compatibility with the same. In this way, it can be predicted whether the applicant, if being selected for the job, will be satisfied with the job and henceforth remain punctual (Honer, Wright, & Sablynski, 2007; Ivancevich, 1985; Macan, 2009). Recommendations for Measuring Applicants’ Characteristics and Rankings As far as measurement of applicants’ characteristics is concerned, it is recommended that a thorough evaluation of an applicant’

Ontology and the Morality of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ontology and the Morality of Abortion - Essay Example It seems everyone has a view on this issue and all seem to want to have their say. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the human race has strong ties to its origins so in answering the question of if humans were once fetuses; many feel the answer to when life begins will also be uncovered. After researching the ontological issue of was a human being ever a fetus and the moral issue of what the arguments are for the various position on abortion: anti-abortion, moderate and strong, the question of the morality of abortion should become clear. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality. It is through ontology that the primary focus on the debate of abortion becomes the answer of one simple question, was a human being ever a fetus? Two of the most famous philosophers to debate this issue are Erin T. Olson and Lynne Rudder Baker. Their primary debate focuses on whether we are a person, or whether we are essentially persons. Baker takes on the view th at we are all essentially persons. The term person, as he defines it, is as a being capable of rational and moral activity. In this he argues that we could never have been something that was not a person, such as a fetus. He then takes this idea step further in saying that since only persons are moral agents and as a result have rights, no abortion ever has nor ever will violate any rights since non-persons, in this case fetuses, do not have any. This debate, though it seems logical, can hold many horrendous implications. If, in society, we view only those who are capable of rational and moral activity, as persons and therefore the only ones to have rights, many others besides the fetus could be excluded. Take for instance a man in a comma. In the comma state the man does not have the ability of ration or moral activity; he is in a sense a vegetable, same as a fetus. So according to this theory if he was an inconvenience then the plug could be pulled and it would be okay to let him die because he is not essentially a person. A new born, according to this theory, could also be deemed incapable of rational and moral activity, so in essence it is yet to be essentially a person, so therefore has no rights and if one so choose could be done away with. Another example would be a mentally handicap person, in many severe cases, the mentally handicap are incapable of rational and moral activity, therefore are they not considered essentially persons with rights. It seems that saying that only those with rational and moral activity are essentially persons and therefore have rights is a dangerous road to travel. Olson, however, takes on the view that we are not all essentially persons, but that each of us is essentially a member of the species, Homo sapiens, in short, an animal, a biological kind. He says that the properties of personhood are acquired by humans at some stage in their biological career, just like we acquire other properties like being a student, a mother, so on. So with this view all humans were once a fetus. If all human kind therefore was once a fetus, in the debate of abortion it would be wrong to kill or abort a human, despite what state it is in. This argument makes more logical sense as

The concept of literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The concept of literacy - Essay Example ng it literally and directly applying it as suggested by the text but literacy is about understanding and expanding information beyond the boundaries of its connotations. Indeed, a person may be able read texts but may not be capable of making sense of the text. For instance, an Asian student may be able to read out loud English documents but is inadequate in terms of interpreting the meaning of the words. The student is therefore illiterate of the English language although his literacy is not limited to the language itself because literacy involves other aspects as well such as information and its application in real life situations. It is thus my discourse that literacy is not limited to an individual’s capability to read, write and interpret reading materials but it also incorporates understanding, analyzing and applying them in order to improve lives and benefit one’s self and other people in the different aspects of life. With the rise of the number of students going to college regardless of their learning abilities, it could be said that education is overrated. Education is often associated with literacy however it is not necessarily true that an educated person is a literate individual. Instead, one’s literacy is determined not by his diplomas and schools attended but how he is able to put to use the education he has acquired. In the previous example, the Asian student cannot be completely defined as literate or illiterate. His ability to read aloud English texts does not show his literacy but his inability to understand the readings also does not say everything about his illiteracy. This is because even though the student may not be able to understand the context of the materials written in English but if he comprehends it when it is written in his own language, then there is a big difference. Literacy is not simply about understanding a certain discourse but it is also being able to think independently to decide whether one agrees, disagrees or has

How does perception and awareness of new paradigms and genres Term Paper

How does perception and awareness of new paradigms and genres contribute to creativity - Term Paper Example This is why humans are unpredictable at most times because we strive to satisfy our fantasies which cannot be actualized in the real life. We change our way of doing things by being creative - a process which can give us the pleasure of perceiving our desires and fantasies. The Relation of the Poet to Day Dreaming by Sigmund Freud exposes the role of fantasies and our desire to satisfy them through trying to perceive new things. Using childhood activities Freud clearly shows that we continuously create our own small worlds ‘fantasies’ to arouse our pleasures and the only difference is that adults are not willing to publicly state their fantasies. These fantasies are our creative imagination with the purpose of solving our own shortcomings or inadequacies and this is a process started in childhood of every individual. The imaginative creativity of children is seen in their absorbing and treasured preoccupation during childhood plays. The child creates his own world totally alienating everything else in the real world. The only players in his ‘world of play’ are items that the child wants and he rearranges them to achieve the satisfaction he wants (Freud 36). Even though the child realizes that he is playing, he takes his creations seriously and they emotionally give him the satisfaction he wants. By relating his play to the real world and borrowing from the experiences and tangible items from the real world, he creates a link to reality and real life becomes worthwhile to him. The versatility of this power of creative imagination is displayed by the adaptations of real life events and experiences the child goes through and their recreation in the child’s ‘play’. Childhood experiences are an invaluable tool in development of the process of thought and they fundamen tally have the most influence in creating the

Physical systems in Canada and US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical systems in Canada and US - Essay Example The land area of these countries runs from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. The Pacific Ocean parallels the coastal region of Canada and the U.S. Furthermore, tectonic forces formed the mountainous ranges of these countries millions of years ago. They include the Cascade Range, Coast Range, Alaska range, and Sierra Nevada (National Geographic, 2013). It is believed that from 500 million year of old rocks present at permission gap to contemporary windblown sand dunes at Canyon, geologic formation or configuration of the big bend illustrate interestingly the diverse depositional styles over an enormous interval of time. For majority of the individuals, it measured by passing generations, years and days. The issue of geologic time is not easily comprehended because events that happened 20 million or as many as 100 million years are at best, hard to comprehend. During the end of the Paleozoic period, a deep ocean basin or trough expanded from modern day Oklahoma and Arkansas into the big bend place of the West Texas. Sands and sediments from the highlands to the north formed and accumulated in that basin or trough to create layers or sheets of sand, clay, and gravel. With time, these sheets melted into shale beds and sandstones. Canada and the U.S are experiencing strain on environmental resources because of increased population. The environment determines the use of resources meets human requirement while preserving and maintaining the environment in order to ensure that that human needs can be met in present and in the future. Distribution of human population affects environmental resources, regions that people live, and consumption patterns. It is rational to state that more people needs more environmental resources and produce more waste which pose a greater challenge to the environment (National Geographic, 2013). The rapidly growing population is experiencing a scenario whereby many people

Hercules on Roger Young’s Miniseries Essay Example for Free

Hercules on Roger Young’s Miniseries Essay The most obvious difference of the animated film from the original Greek myth of Hercules is that the dreadful factors of his origins were revised and some components of modern day popular culture were utilized. According to Royalty. nu (n. d. ), Hercules was born to Alcmene, wife of Amphityron, but fathered by the Greek God Zeus. Zeus deceived Alcmene into thinking that he was Amphitryon on a night when the real Amphitryon was away. Hera, Zeus’ wife loathed Hercules and tried several times to try and kill Hercules, much unlike in the animated film, where Hera as Hercules’ mother doted on him. The animated film focused on Hercules’ early life; the famous ten labors of Hercules and the other half of his life was not included. The circumstances of the Greek myth characters like Megara, Zeus, Hera, Aphitryon, Alcmene and the rest included in the film were greatly modified to fit the storyline of the animated film. Apart from that Hercules’ twin brother, Iphicles was excluded in the storyline. Greek mythology portrays Hercules as a character with â€Å"low intelligence and terrible temper†(Royalty. nu, n. d. ). Although there was much difference from the original Greek myth, Hercules’ character as half-man half-god hero with weaknesses was still portrayed. Hercules’ character in the animated film was a bit naive but he was not quick to loose his temper. Audiences were also given a taste of Hercules’ famous battles with calamities and creatures. According to FilmAffinity (n. d. ), this Hercules miniseries is about â€Å"the gifted child born of a blood greater than mortal who would become the most powerful of all gods†. Roger Young’s miniseries starts with how Hercules was conceived. Similar to the Greek myth, the dissolute God Zeus deludes the Princess of Thebes, Alcmene, into thinking that he is the princess’ husband, Amphitryon, and then forces himself on Alcmene on a night where the princess was awaiting her husband’s return. When Alcmene gives birth to twin boys, Hercules and Iphicles, Alcmene and Amphitryon are perplexed on which baby is fathered by Zeus and whose is Amphitryon. They later realize that Hercules is Zeus’ son when he kills the snakes with his bare hands an infant. Hercules develops into a lumbering young man, â€Å"rejected by his mother, envied by his brother Iphicles and loathed by Zeus’ wife Hera† (FilmAffinity). Similar to the Greek myth while Alcmene reserves no love for Hercules, he grows up with Amphitryon doting on him and teaching him. Hercules then falls for Megara but was rejected. Their brief connection results to a child. When he lost his temper and accidentally hurt his teacher Linus during a class, Amphitryon sends far away to be taught under the care and instruction of a centaur, Kiron. Hercules becomes an agile adult and more capable to handle his great strength. He then was married to Megara after he helps the king from the creature Hydra. Megara and her sons, turn out to be â€Å"tools of the vengeful Hera, plotting against him and initiating events that lead to his banishment from his people† (FilmAffinity). To atone the punishment that he deserved in killing his own children, Hercules agrees when he was given difficult challenges which were set out to destroy him. With his ally Linus, he travels the Stymphalian Swams to the River styx of the underworld, faced with challenges and monstrous creatures that was arranged to kill him. Hercules willingly continues on this journey that afterward made him a â€Å"legend on Earth and achieve immortality in the heavens† (FilmAffinity). With the storyline of the miniseries, it was clear that the filmmakers focused on the raging politics between the noble mortals and their want of power and control. It is important to note that this miniseries was one of the few productions that embarked on Hercules true conception with regards to the original Greek myth. Hercules’ character of recklessness and short temper was portrayed true to the original Greek myth during his younger adult days. There were slight alterations unto how certain events happened to the characters but the miniseries was in a way loyal to the Hercules’ myth. For example, Hercules develops a more profound thinking later on the miniseries but there was no hint of that according to the Greek Myth. The Gods Hera and Zeus were not given much attention during the miniseries and only appeared briefly. The supposed raging battle between Hera and Zeus was implied but not shown comprehensively. In conclusion, both films were individual depictions of Hercules’ character as the legendary Greek hero. Each film represented the filmmakers approach on representing a storyline associated with Hercules’ myth. Disney may have chosen to emphasize more on Hercules’ journey to his fate in a more conducive way that was appealing since their audiences are young people. Roger Young’s miniseries took more of a similar likeness to the original myth although alterations were made on how events were played because the storyline demanded that it be so.

Shape Complexity Dynamics of Bangladesh Delta

Shape Complexity Dynamics of Bangladesh Delta Shape complexity dynamics of Bangladesh delta: A fractal dimension approach Sugata Hazra Anirban Mukhopadhyay#, Sandip Mukherjee, Abhra Chanda and Tuhin Ghosh Abstract The lower deltaic plain of Ganges Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh is a tidally active flood plain with anastomosing network of rivers and tidal creeks. The rapidly changing morphology of this delta is mainly due to huge sediment discharge transported down the drainage basins, it’s redistribution by tides and currents , erosion, deposition and sea level change. The shape complexity of this delta mainly near the estuaries has been a major concern for the Geomorphologists for a long time. During the recent past, the study of morphology and landscape evolution has gone through a radical change due to the advent of remote sensing techniques. The present research attempts an analysis the shape change dynamics of this deltaic island region of Sundarban for the last two decades on the basis of fractal dimension index coupled with modern remote sensing techniques. It is observed that the shape of the islands with respect to their margin irregularities are being caused due to the change in fractal geometry at the micro level which in turn is a function of sea level rise over this time period. Key words: Delta shape complexity; fractal dimension, Sundarban; Sea level rise. 1. Introduction Sundarban mangrove forest of Bangladesh comprises a huge network of small alluvial islands formed by the deposition of sediments, transported down the drainage basins of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers system (Gopal et al., 2006). Deltaic erosion and morphological change are continuously seen in the Sundarban region (Ghosh et al., 2003). Innumerable tidal creeks and channels with diurnal flow reversal and rapidly changing land forms make this delta a very dynamic one. Islands are undergoing erosion and accretion, therefore the morphology is continuously changing. The changes in the morphology are mainly driven by the variable supply of sediments (Brammer, 1993) and sea level change. Shape analysis is a process which identifies the pattern of landscape. The process describes distinction between regularity and irregularity of shape (). The prime objective of the shape analysis is to understand spatial pattern of a geographical phenomena and its possible cause and predicts a probable future pattern (). Shape index, in terms of magnitude of roundness of the object or the measure of irregularity in terms of roundness, is a statistical method to quantify shape of any unit of area. In a geographic context, shape is often characterized through a compactness indicator, which describes the form of a given region based on how far it deviates from a specified norm (e.g., circle, square, or triangle). The method for calculating this number utilizes one or more of the geometric parameters of the region being measured, such as area or perimeter (Elizabeth Wentz). The surface of the earth and especially landforms are always changing due to ever dynamic exogenetic forces contributing over the transformation of landforms in every moment of time. Due to this dynamism, the shapes of the landforms are not static outside a specific scale of time thus by creating the irregularity of shapes during the transformation process. Considering the transformation process as the media, we are required to examine the quantitative characterization of the shape irregularities of deltaic islands over the progressive temporal periods. The goal of the paper is to improve the ability to compar e the shape dynamics caused due to external factors thereof over two decadal periods. Also it is to suggest a method for improving the ability to compare the shape of landforms in a GIS environment with statistical base that is less dependent on direct human intervention or intuition or visual interpretation.[t1] As the fractional geometry especially known as fractal dimension of the object is a fundamental component of the object’s geometry to measure the irregularity. Fractal dimension is a fractionary value that describes the irregular of an object and how much of the space it occupies. It is a measure of how fragmented a fractal object is which may be understood as a characterization of its self-similarity (Backes and Bruno, 2008). We have taken this element as independent variable on the micro analytical base and by extracting the same for detection of overall shape change and the temporal dynamics of islands as the dependent variable on the macro analytical base over two decades. Sea level rise is found to be causal factor behind this dynamics. Present study aims at shape complexity dynamics study of Bangladesh Sunderban from 1999 to 2010 in the framework of Fractal Dimension (FD) and Shape Index (SI) analysis. 2. Study area and datasets Bangladesh, a low lying flood plain delta is the land of rivers and canals. This[t2] delta is formed at the confluence of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system and their respective tributaries. Pramanik (1983) has divided the coastal zone of Bangladesh into three main regions namely eastern region, central region and western region. Our present study is mainly on the islands of central and western coastal regions. Central coastal zone extends from Feni river estuary to the eastern corners of the Sunderban. The zone receives a large volume of silt deposition from Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna river system. The sediment load comprises more than 70% of the silt with additional 10% sand (Sarwar, 2005). The morphology of this zone is very much dynamic due to huge river discharge and strong current leading to high rate of erosion and accretion. Numerous islands are located in this region. Many islands have formed by the accretion and many have disappeared in last few years due to erosion. Western region is mainly covered by Sunderban mangrove forest. Due to presence of mangrove forest this zone is comparatively stable in terms of erosion. The main characteristics of this zone are mangrove swamps, tidal creeks and mud flats. This region lies at 0.9 to 2.1 m above mean sea level (Iftekhar and Islam, 2004). Soil is of mainly silt loam or alluvial type. This region is very important for tourism due to Sunderban[t3]. Landsat TM-5 images of the year 1999 and 2010, 30 m spatial resolution, of Bangladesh Sunderban have been taken for this study. The path/row no of this datasets is[t4] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Satellite altimeter data of TOPEX (NASA) is taken for measurement of regional mean sea level using Nadir Pointing Radar Altimeter. The sea level rise is computed from the tide gauge measurement of various observatory of Bangladesh such as Hiron Point, Khepupara and Charchanga. Figure 1 3. Methodology The step by step procedures have been followed to examine the fact and to establish the concept. The raster and vector data processing and statistical analysis have been implemented in the remote sensing and GIS environment, the detail of which is furnished in the flow chart: Figure 2 3.1 Satellite data processing Two satellite imagery of different time (1999 and 2010) is taken into consideration in this study. Landsat TM-5 datasets were downloaded from the http://glovis.usgs.gov website. All the datasets are projected in UTM projection with zone no 45 and WGS 84 datum. 3.2 Measurement sea surface height variation The measurement of regional mean sea level and sea level anomaly is computed from satellite altimeter data of TOPEX (NASA-built Nadir Pointing Radar Altimeter using C band, 5.3 GHz, and Ku band, 13.6 GHz, and POSEIDON (CNES-built solid State Nadir pointing Radar Altimeter using Ku band, 13.65 GHz). The datasets are analyzed for measuring sea surface height from the year 1992 to 2012. Inverted barometer correction was applied to improve thedata quality (). 3.3 Delta morphology analysis This raster data format is changed to vector format by three successive stages. First is the digitization of the raw images in line layers. Once digitization is successfully completed, topology was built followed by the polygon building. After polygon building, creek and landmass layers are separated for two years. The landmass layers of polygons have converted to raster format again in order to use as the input for fractal dimension and shape index calculation in Fragstats (version 4.1) software. Fractal dimension and shape index are calculated using equation 1 and 2 (Jorge and Garcia, 1997). Shape Index = (1) Where, P is the perimeter of the polygon and A is the polygon area. If the polygon value is 1.0 it expresses maximum compaction, where the shape is circular. As the shape becomes more complex the SI increases. FractalDimension Index (D) = (2) The self similarity ratio and N is the number of step size here. Then[t5] the curve is defined as self-similar with fractal dimension D. FD of a curve may be any value D ranges from 1.0 to less than 2.0 for lines, and from 2.0 to less than 3.0 for surfaces. The higher the spatial complexity of a line or surface, the higher its fractal dimension (Nayak, 2008). Index Number Analysis[t6] is carried out to calculate the gradual changes of both the factors having the base year as 1999. The Simple Aggregative Index of FD (Eq. 3) and Simple Aggregative Index of SI (Eq. 4) are calculated to identify the change in FD and SI. The Fisher’s Ideal Index (I0n) is also computed to see the relative change of SI and FD during the period 1999 and 2010 (Eq. 5). It is a compound index calculated from Laspeyres’s Index and Paasche’s Index (). The relation between FD and SI is analysed in terms of regression and correlation to identify the relation between island shape and fractal geometry[t7]. Simple Aggregative Index of FD (I0n) = (∑pn / ∑p0) x 100(3) Simple Aggregative Index of SI (I0n) = (∑qn / ∑q0) (4) Fisher’s Ideal Index(5) Laspeyres’s Index = ∑qn p0/ ∑q0 p0 Paasche’s Index = ∑qn pn/ ∑q0 pn Fisher’s Ideal Index (I0n) = √(Laspeyres’s Index/ Paasche’s Index) x 100 Result and discussion Statistical analysis of change in delta morphology †¦..[t8] The histograms of Fractal Dimension Index (Figure 3) and Shape Index (Figure 4) have been analyzed separately to examine the general statistical trends of the data. The summery of the histograms of FD and SI of the year 1999 is listed in the Table[t9] 1. It is observed that the modal frequency class has been defragmented into the higher FD values beyond the median range of 1.056 in 2010 and also the fractal diversity increases by 2 new classes in this year. The histograms of FD and SI of the year 2010 are summarized in the Table 2. It is perceived that despite of being the modal class persistent, the frequency in the modal class is defragmented and distributed into higher SI classes beyond the median value of 1.475 and also 4 new SI classes are detected in the progressive period of 2010. Figure 3 Table 1 Figure 4 Table 2 The Simple Aggregative Index of FD and SI are shown (Box 1) which is 101.49% and 117.26% respectively. The Simple Aggregative Index shows there is only 1.49% increase in FDI whereas SI increases by 17.26% in between 1999 and 2010, revealing about 8.63% changing effect of FDI over Shape Index. The Simple Aggregative Index of FDI and SI have confirmed that both the FDI and SI increases in this period and there is a definite changing effect of fractal geometry over the shape of the islands between 1999 to 2010 whereas the magnitude of the changing effect is only 8.63%. The Fisher’s[t10] Ideal Index (Box 1) shows that the SI has increased with respect to FD by 5.19% from 1999 to 2010. It is signifying the there is a positive increase of shape diversity with respect to fractal diversity within the specified time period. Relationship between FD and SI The scatter plots and linear regression of FD and SI for 1999 and 2010 depicts that there is a strong positive relation of FD and SI of the Islands. The magnitude of Pearson’s correlation (r-value) increases with strong positive response in the 2010 is revealing that trend of changing shape diversity of Islands in terms of FD is increasing towards the gradual period. Both the r-values are positive and it is also evident that the relation of Island shapes with their fractal geometry becomes stronger in the progressive period of 2010 as the r-values have changed from 0.44 to 0.73. Figure 5 The causal factor of Shape Dynamics-Sea Level Changes To find the root cause of the shape[t11] dynamics of delta region, two main exogenetic factors have been examined on spatio-temporal basis such as creek density and sea level change. Creeks density is calculated for the year 1999 to 2010 by dividing the length of creek with the area of the island, which shows there is also a trend of gradual increase especially in mangrove forest area on the sea shore margin. It is observed that values of creek density increases towards the sea shore region where the sea water along with wave action is more active rather than dynamic river water in the inland areas which is shown in the Figure 6. Except one region the creek density is higher on the sea margin. The increase creek density may be the reason for formation of several islands in the central coastal zone due to defragmentation. Figure 6 The temporal data of sea level changes of three observation points i.e., Hiron Point, Khepupara and Charchanga (Figure 7) are analyzed to identify the sea level changes within 1979 to 2000, shown in Figure 8. The progressive graph of the data of this temporal period exhibits an average positive gradual trend of sea level rise in this region. Figure 7 Figure 8 To examine the causal source of that diversity and we have definitely found that there remains [t12]a positive sea level anomaly of 2.80 mm in between 1992 to 2012 in the concerned region (Figure 9). The fact again signifies that the sea level rise in the study area which contributes the changes of delta morphology capture in fractal geometry ultimately resulting into dynamism of island shapes over the progressive temporal period[t13]. Figure[t14] 9 Conclusion The objective of the present study is to analyse the shape complexity dynamics of Bangladesh Sunderban delta in between 1999 to 2010. The dynamism of the delta shapes is analysed using in terms of fractal dimension and shape index. The change in fractional geometry of island/delta within the specified time period is captured and the observations are strengthening with the help of other statistical indices. The analysis of FD and SI parameters of islands indicate that there is an exponential relation of Shape complexity with the changing FD within 1999 to 2010. The[t15] shape complexity of the islands of Bangladesh is increasing which is clearly evident from this study. There may be several factors for this complexity. Of these, sea level rise and creek density are important factors because Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to sea level rise (Brammer et al., 1993). But still there is no specific regional scenario for net sea level rise because the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta is still active and having dynamic morphology and delivers approximately 1.6 billion tone sediment at the face of Bangladesh annually (Broadus, 1993), while there are some parts where land is subsiding due to tectonic activities (Huq et al., 1996). So this sediment replenishment is considered to balance subsidence of delta (Agarwala et al., 2003). This sediment deposition along with strong tidal current is the reason for the formation of some new islands in the central coastal zone in last few years. But still it needs more detail scientific study to reveal the dynamic s of this delta complex and a lot of time series data of sea level rise to comment on this. It is also notable that result FD computation is varies over the scales. Hence, the observation and conclusion is valid only on the existing scale over which the experiment is carried out. It is also pointed out that further study may be undertaken to make more reasonable judgment over it. [t1]Need modification [t2]Co-ordinate, geographical extent [t3]No. of islands taken into consideration [t4]Path / row [t5]Model name [t6]What these indices indicates or signify [t7]Why used in this study (indices) [t8]Write something here [t9]Analyse more about table 1 and 2 [t10]Significance [t11]Is there any other cause like thermal expansion . at least mention it [t12]modify [t13]overall comments: write something about physical significance at least one or two paragraph. Things are statistically analysed physical significance and observation is necessary. [t14]Try to give a or two delta figure of two time with FD and SI value ebbraded to show the change in shape and FD relation. [t15]Check the conclution once

The Effect Of Globalisation On Health Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effect Of Globalisation On Health Environmental Sciences Essay The increased movement of both goods and people increases opportunities for the spread of disease around the world. There are also concerns about the following: potential public health problems due to market liberalisation, the emergence of new diseases globally and worsening of existing ones due to climate change and governmental oversight over economic policies that can affect spending on healthcare. International cooperation as a result of globalisation has also had a great impact on health practices in many countries including Europe. In this backdrop, as a healthcare management consultant working for an international organisation, you are asked to examine the implications and effects of globalisation on healthcare management. Identify the effects of globalisation on healthcare Globalization can be defined as a network of processes which nations, firms and business and people are getting more interdependent and connected across the global community through the increased and strengthened economic integration, exchange of communication, diffusion of the Western culture and travel as well as migration. We must give ample attention to the processes by which the connectivity and interdependence among nations are happening. Globalization is akin to a new phenomenon where basic human drive comes into action. The history of human kind has evolved through crossing borders, exploring new heights, expanding horizons, trading commodities, conquering territories and assimiliation of culture and social practices. Globalization involves people and their behaviours in a society. Similar to the trade and commerce benefits of globalization, the consequences and effects of globalization to healthcare is being magnified on a larger scale. The effects of globalization on healthcare might include the following: Tourism brings gaps among borders and increases awareness among cultural differences and practices. Global tourism starts to grow and a lot of countries have the liberalization of their airline industries which makes travelling more affordable. According to Sutherst,2004(Sutherst R (2004) Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 136à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢173) there are approximately one million international travellers every day and a significant percentage of these people are travelling between developed and developing countries which can facilitate the spread of communicable diseases. With the increasing number of travellers, the possibility of acquiring infections and diseases is greater than those countries who are not that inclined towards global travelling. Globalization can dramatically improve healthcare through the development of policies rooted on equality and allocation of resources for all members of the society especially those ser vices pertaining to health (UNDP, 1999; Ben-David et al., 1999; Cornia, 2001). Globalization can foster protectionist policies, allocate subsidies and preserve livelihoods and rural life by which the European Union frequently advances. The benefits of these are the quality and health of the people. If there is proper funding of health projects, it can result into a healthier citizenry who can function at their best and contribute to the development of the society. Through the process of globalization, healthcare settings are best influenced by the increased universal access to healthcare, legislation regarding exposure to hazardous wastes and environment. The stronger the economy, the better are the facilities for public health, water sanitation, health services and a lot more. Through the globalization, the application and profound recognition of health as a human right are being brought into the consciousness of people from across the globe. People are now more aware of the interdependence and interrelationship of health with the various types of human rights such as cultural, social, political, economic and civil rights. WORD COUNT: 459 Assess the influence of international institutions in healthcare settings The diversity of services in terms of health care has been immensely affected by globalization itself. Developing countries has the ability to attract customers by providing quality healthcare at a lower cost than the counterparts in their own country. Within a short period of time there are a lot of changes by which health and the people are most concerned off. The development of global standards of excellence and quality will also bring forth the rise of processes in the accreditation and licensing of medical and healthcare medical education. Through globalization, the circulation of services and goods are more efficient than before. Specific multilateral agreements between States often serve as a detrimental factor for countries of the developing world. Despite the economic benefits of globalization, there are several effects on the healthcare practices and settings from one country to the other. One of the best indicators in the level of development of a country is health. The reflection by which the resources and wealth of the country are being allocated to, shared equally by the entire population. International institutions can influence the delivery of health care through globalization. However, health itself cannot be assumed as significant similar to that of the basic needs of human. The movements of healthcare professionals, the exodus of the members of the health team are strongly related to the complex cultural, ethical, and human resources issues in their mother land. Thus it is imperative that health professional must promote health as a global human right. International institutions must be prepared before launching headlong into the challenges of globalization, M. Srinivasan,2006 et al. (Visualizing the Future: Technology Competency Development in Clinical Medicine, and Implications for Medical Education Acad Psychiatry, December  1,  2006; 30(6): 480 490.) The health practices being implored can be influenced by foreign relations and policies of a country. It is best that the challenges of globalization shall be faced with much ease and confidence so that there will be no room for errors which will compromise the health of the people. Developed countries are tapping their international institutions to recruit and acquire trained graduates from poorer countries. With the movement of professionals, healthcare settings are improved through the expertise and carative characteristics of people from the poorer countries. These countries are improving their immigration policies to accommodate the influx of various members of the health care team. Healthcare setting in developed countries are influenced by international institutions who are expecting reciprocity in terms of economic and social implications of globalizations. The increased of workers in the health care industry, can facilitate the health of the citizens. WORD COUNT: 434 Evaluate the impact of European Union membership on workplace health practices. Health will not transform how we think about the foreign policies and the health practices we implore. The establishment of the European Common Markets has brought about a lot of changes not only in free movement of goods and capitals but social and cultural aspects of the country. Through the European Union, services and persons are free to move. The principles of free movement can be applied in the health care industry as well. The members of the health sector have the following changes in terms of the influence of the European Union: Through the membership with EU they can allow the free incorporation and inclusion of health care providers and professionals as well as the cross-border delivery of health care services. Since the year 1970, the European Union (EU) has passed a myriad of regulations regarding health practices. One of the regulations is to reinforce the mutual recognition of nurses, physicians and other members of the healthcare professionals in terms of their qualifications. Through this, the Member States will recognize the professionals who hail from among the members of the European Union which is considered to be an indispensable precondition for the non-restrictive movement of services. Thus , in reference to the establishment of the European job market for the members of the health care team, it has not led to the extensive migration among the member of the European Union (EU). The accession of the Eastern and Central European countries to the European Union( EU)did hot stirred an alarm of brain drain. Brain drain is the major concern among authorities due to the imminent depletion of healthcare professionals to the better off countries located in the Northern and Western Europe. The numerous potential effects of the European Union (EU) on the social protection systems in the applicant countries due to the variations and differences between the type of health care systems among the 25 Member States. A lot of authorities are expecting mass exodus of professionals from the accession countries. Free movement of health care professionals and occupations has not paved the way into the expected transnational migration among the Member states of the European Union. The language barrier is one of the major reasons why the health care sector deal on a personal level and are quite sensitive about it. There are countries in Europe where English is not widely spoken. Thus, it will be very difficult to administer and render health care services. WORD COUNT: 411 WORD COUNT: 1314 Question 2 You are employed by Sahara Oil Company based in Qatar as their Occupational Health expert. The company produces and refines oil; it also explores gas deposits. There has not been a recent review of the environmental effects of the companys operations. You have responsibilities for the environmental health issues of Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. As well, one important responsibility you have been given is to be conversant with the impact of environmental legislation, directives and guidance and the processes that organisations need to adopt in order to provide health protection to the employees of the company, their families and the members of the local community who are affected by Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. Identify the economics of adopting a policy of environmental awareness in heath care settings. All of the above lead to improved QOL and increased life expectancy. However, all this come with a cost to human health and the environment. Effects on health: Such activities and their impact on the environment have serious effects on health of communities,, esp. Chdns health. However, there is uncertainty of the effects of such activities or technologies on health as there is no scientific evidence that directly links such activities to disease causation. E.g., there is still ongoing debate about the scientific evvidence linking greenhouse gases to global warming. Governments inaction is because they fear that taking action would affect trade. E.g. taking action to prevent bon-fossil fuels :-charcoal and oil burning- in order to reduce CO2 emission into the atmosphere by developing nations i.e., China and India would collapse their industries and economy. However, the economic cost of technological development on the environment and human health is higly significant. The Precautionary Principle states that in the case of serious or irreversible threats to the health of humans or the ecosystem, acknowledged scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone preventive measures. The concept of a universal precautionary principle apparently has its origins in early German and Swedish thinking about environmental policy, particularly the need for policymakers to practice foresight in order to prevent long-range environmental problems. The concept was included in the Amsterdam Treatyan important step toward establishment of the European Unionbut the concept was left undefined and was applied only to environmental policy. In the past 20 years, there have been numerous references to precaution in various international treaties, statements of advocacy groups, and academic writings, but the significance of the principle in international law remains uncertain. The EIB considers the need for applying the precautionary principle when there is a risk that a project may cause significant and irreversible damage to the environment. In such cases, measures should be taken by the promoter to avoid in the first place and if a feasible alternative is not available to reduce that risk to an acceptable degree. Assess the actions that need to be taken by organisations to maintain the environment. Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs from many different sources including from oil refineries. Oil refinery effluents contain many different chemicals at different concentrations including ammonia, sulphides, phenol and hydrocarbons. The exact composition cannot however be generalised as it depends on the refinery and which units are in operation at any specific time. It is therefore difficult to predict what effects the effluent may have on the environment. Toxicity tests have shown that most refinery effluents are toxic but to varying extents. Some species are more sensitive and the toxicity may vary throughout the life cycle. Sublethal tests have found that not only can the effluents be lethal but also they can often have sublethal effects on growth and reproduction. Field studies have shown that oil refinery effluents often have an impact on the fauna, which is usually restricted to the area close to the outfall. The extent of the effect is dependent on the effluent compo sition, the outfalls position and the state of the recipient environment. It is possible to detect two effects that oil refinery effluent has on the environment. Firstly it has a toxic effect close to the outfall, which is seen by the absence of all or most species. Secondly there is an enrichment effect which can be distinguished as a peak in the abundance or biomass. These effects are not limited to just oil refinery effluents, which make it difficult to distinguish the effects an oil refinery effluent has from other pollution sources. The discharge from oil refineries has reduced in quantity and toxicity over recent decades, allowing many impacted environments in estuaries and coasts to make a substantial recovery. Specify the measures that exist to improve workplace health and safety practices When oil refineries do not practice workplace safety, it can result in numerous problems. These problems can force a refinery to trim production or shut down completely. For example, dozens of oil refineries were shut down in 2007 due to fires, leaks, spills and power failures. Crude Oil Pre-treatment (Desalting) Fire Prevention and Protection: The potential exists for a fire due to a leak or release of crude oil from heaters in the crude desalting unit. Low boiling point components of crude may also be released if a leak occurs. Safety: Inadequate desalting can cause fouling of heater tubes and heat exchangers throughout the refinery. Fouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. Corrosion, which occurs due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, naphthenic (organic) acids, and other contaminants in the crude oil, also causes equipment failure. Neutralized salts (ammonium chlorides and sulfides), when moistened by condensed water, can cause corrosion. Overpressuring the unit is another potential hazard that causes failures. Health: Because this is a closed process, there is little potential for exposure to crude oil unless a leak or release occurs. Where elevated operating temperatures are used when desalting sour crudes, hydrogen sulfide will be present. There is the possibility of exposure to ammonia, dry chemical demulsifiers, caustics, and/or acids during this operation. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and suspended solids. If diatomaceous earth is used in filtration, exposures should be minimized or controlled. Diatomaceous earth can contain silica in very fine particle size, making this a potential respiratory hazard. Crude Oil Distillation (Fractionation) Fire Prevention and Protection: Even though these are closed processes, heaters and exchangers in the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of ignition, and the potential for a fire exists should a leak or release occur. Safety: An excursion in pressure, temperature, or liquid levels may occur if automatic control devices fail. Control of temperature, pressure, and reflux within operating parameters is needed to prevent thermal cracking within the distillation towers. Relief systems should be provided for overpressure and operations monitored to prevent crude from entering the reformer charge. The sections of the process susceptible to corrosion include (but may not be limited to) preheat exchanger (hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)), preheat furnace and bottoms exchanger (H2S and sulfur compounds), atmospheric tower and vacuum furnace (H2S, sulfur compounds, and organic acids), vacuum tower (H2S and organic acids), and overhead (H2S, HCl, and water). Where sour crudes are processed, severe corrosion can occur in furnace tubing and in both atmospheric and vacuum towers where metal temperatures exceed 450 ° F. Wet H2S also will cause cracks in steel. When processing high-nitrogen crudes, nitrogen oxides can form in the flue gases of furnaces. Nitrogen oxides are corrosive to steel when cooled to low temperatures in the presence of water. Chemicals are used to control corrosion by hydrochloric acid produced in distillation units. Ammonia may be injected into the overhead stream prior to initial condensation and/or an alkaline solution may be carefully injected into the hot crude oil feed. If sufficient wash-water is not injected, deposits of ammonium chloride can form and cause serious corrosion. Crude feedstock may contain appreciable amounts of water in suspension which can separate during startup and, along with water remaining in the tower from steam purging, settle in the bottom of the tower. This water can be heated to the boiling point and create an instantaneous vaporization explosion upon contact with the oil in the unit. Health: Atmospheric and vacuum distillation are closed processes and exposures are expected to be minimal. When sour (high-sulfur) crudes are processed, there is potential for exposure to hydrogen sulfide in the preheat exchanger and furnace, tower flash zone and overhead system, vacuum furnace and tower, and bottoms exchanger. Hydrogen chloride may be present in the preheat exchanger, tower top zones, and overheads. Wastewater may contain water-soluble sulfides in high concentrations and other water-soluble compounds such as ammonia, chlorides, phenol, mercaptans, etc., depending upon the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat and noise, and during sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Solvent Extraction and Dewaxing Fire Prevention and Protection: Solvent treatment is essentially a closed process and, although operating pressures are relatively low, the potential exists for fire from a leak or spill contacting a source of ignition such as the drier or extraction heater. In solvent dewaxing, disruption of the vacuum will create a potential fire hazard by allowing air to enter the unit. Health: Because solvent extraction is a closed process, exposures are expected to be minimal under normal operating conditions. However, there is a potential for exposure to extraction solvents such as phenol, furfural, glycols, methyl ethyl ketone, amines, and other process chemicals. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as noise and heat, and during repair, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Thermal Cracking Fire Protection and Prevention: Because thermal cracking is a closed process, the primary potential for fire is from leaks or releases of liquids, gases, or vapors reaching an ignition source such as a heater. The potential for fire is present in coking operations due to vapor or product leaks. Should coking temperatures get out of control, an exothermic reaction could occur within the coker. Safety: In thermal cracking when sour crudes are processed, corrosion can occur where metal temperatures are between 450 ° and 900 ° F. Above 900 ° F coke forms a protective layer on the metal. The furnace, soaking drums, lower part of the tower, and high-temperature exchangers are usually subject to corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide corrosion in coking can also occur when temperatures are not properly controlled above 900 ° F. Continuous thermal changes can lead to bulging and cracking of coke drum shells. In coking, temperature control must often be held within a 10 °-20 ° F range, as high temperatures will produce coke that is too hard to cut out of the drum. Conversely, temperatures that are too low will result in a high asphaltic-content slurry. Water or steam injection may be used to prevent buildup of coke in delayed coker furnace tubes. Water must be completely drained from the coker, so as not to cause an explosion upon recharging with hot coke. Provisions for alternate means of egress from the working platform on top of coke drums are important in the event of an emergency. Health: The potential exists for exposure to hazardous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide, and trace polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) associated with coking operations. When coke is moved as a slurry, oxygen depletion may occur within confined spaces such as storage silos, since wet carbon will adsorb oxygen. Wastewater may be highly alkaline and contain oil, sulfides, ammonia, and/or phenol. The potential exists in the coking process for exposure to burns when handling hot coke or in the event of a steam-line leak, or from steam, hot water, hot coke, or hot slurry that may be expelled when opening cokers. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat and noise, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. (Note: coke produced from petroleum is a different product from that generated in the steel-industry coking process.) Fire Prevention and Protection: The potential exists for a fire due to a leak or release of crude oil from heaters in the crude desalting unit. Low boiling point components of crude may also be released if a leak occurs. Safety: Inadequate desalting can cause fouling of heater tubes and heat exchangers throughout the refinery. Fouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. Corrosion, which occurs due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, naphthenic (organic) acids, and other contaminants in the crude oil, also causes equipment failure. Neutralized salts (ammonium chlorides and sulfides), when moistened by condensed water, can cause corrosion. Overpressuring the unit is another potential hazard that causes failures. Health: Because this is a closed process, there is little potential for exposure to crude oil unless a leak or release occurs. Where elevated operating temperatures are used when desalting sour crudes, hydrogen sulfide will be present. There is the possibility of exposure to ammonia, dry chemical demulsifiers, caustics, and/or acids during this operation. Safe work practices and/or the use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be needed for exposures to chemicals and other hazards such as heat, and during process sampling, inspection, maintenance, and turnaround activities. Depending on the crude feedstock and the treatment chemicals used, the wastewater will contain varying amounts of chlorides, sulfides, bicarbonates, ammonia, hydrocarbons, phenol, and suspended solids. If diatomaceous earth is used in filtration, exposures should be minimized or controlled. Diatomaceous earth can contain silica in very fine particle size, making this a potential respiratory hazard. ( Word count :1300 ) Question 3 You have been appointed consultant to a pharmaceutical company in Mumbai that sources clinical trial contracts from abroad, especially the United States of America and western Europe. Because of its international operations, the work force of the company is also varied with employees from various countries around the world. You are asked to explore the issues that affect the companys operations in the current economic environment when implementing healthcare management practices. Analyse the responsibilities of organisations in improving work place health and safety. The following are recommended practical activities that executives can do at each stage of their personal journey to understanding the value of diversity. 1. Discovery. Executives must become aware of the need to view racial and ethnic diversity as a significant strategic issue. They should thoroughly read this timely study and review many of the excellent references outlined at the end of the study. 2. Assessment. Executives must determine where their organizations are on the road to capitalizing on racial and ethnic diversity. The Tables in the article present a series of best practices against which an organization can benchmark its responsiveness to diversity practices. Another useful exercise during the assessment stage would be to determine what data their organizations have access to regarding the diversity of the population of the community they serve, their organizations patient demographics, and their organizations workforce. A scarcer and more diverse workforce. As a result, healthcare organizations (HCOs) must develop policies and practices aimed at recruiting, retaining, and managing a diverse workforce and must meet the demands of a more diverse patient population by providing culturally appropriate care and improving access to care for racial/ethnic minorities. Ultimately, the goal of managing diversity is to enhance workforce and customer satisfaction, to improve communication among members of the workforce, and to further improve organizational performance. Research on diversity management practices in HCOs is scarce, providing few guidelines for practitioners. This study attempted to close that gap. Results show that hospitals in Pennsylvania have been relatively inactive with employing diversity management practices, and equal employment requirements are the main driver of diversity management policy. The number and scope of diversity management practices used were not influenced by organizational or market characteristics. The results suggest that hospitals need to adopt diversity management practices for their workforces and need to pay particular attention to marketing and service planning activities that meet the needs of a diverse patient population. Diversity has become a crucial subject in the field of management as organizations pay increased attention to major demographic shifts in the U.S. population. As of 1999, 28 percent of the U.S. population was a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, and it is projected that by 2030, 40 percent of the U.S. population will be members of a racial or ethnic minority group (U.S. Census Bureau 1999). These changes are resulting in an increasingly diverse labor pool and customer base. Policymakers are also being more attentive to racial/ethnic disparities in access to care and health status. While such disparities are well documented, relatively less is known about the underlying causes for the disparities. Researchers have examined financial barriers, racism and discrimination, and patient preferences as potential sources of these disparities (Williams and Rucker 2000). To respond to the demographic shifts of the workforce and patient population and address racial/ethnic disparities in access and outcomes of care, healthcare organizations (HCOs) will need to become culturally competent organizations. Cultural competency has been defined as an ongoing commitment or institutionalization of appropriate practice and policies for diverse populations (Brach and Fraser 2000). While cultural competence is the goal, diversity management is the process leading to culturally competent organizations. Diversity management is .a strategically driven process whose emphasis is on building skills and creating policies that will address the changing demographics of the workforce and patient populations (Svehla 1994). Diversity management and leadership practices are known to enhance workforce and customer satisfaction, to improve communication among members of the workforce, and to further improve organizational performance (Cox 1994; Dreachslin 1996). However, only some organizations choose to respond to workforce and customer demographics by initiating diversity management practices and becoming diversity leaders (Dreachslin 1999). Others resist, making only those changes necessary to comply with affirmative action guidelines. A recent survey on career attainment among healthcare executives across different races/ethnicities confirms that much improvement is still needed in the cultural and diversity climates of HCOs (De Anda et al. 1998). Research examining diversity management practices in HCOs is scarce. To date, only three prior studies have examined diversity management practices in HCOs-one using case study methodology (Muller and Haase 1994) and two others using survey methodology (Motwani, Hodge, and Crampton 1995; Wallace, Ermer, and Motshabi 1996). These studies have focused on human resources issues in diversity management. Each of the three studies found that relatively few hospitals had implemented diversity management programs even when hospitals considered diversity management an important organizational issue. Furthermore, Muller and Haase (1994) found that all hospitals in their study fitted the pluralistic profile in which they were not actively managing diversity but employing diversity management policies and programs that were primarily compliance-oriented strategies. Compare organisational approaches to ensuring positive policies of work place diversity. Cultural diversity in the workplace is not only the right thing to do, it is the expeditious thing to do. It ensures responsiveness and responsiveness is synonymous with survival. Diversity in the workplace is important because of its contribution to organization decisionmaking, effectiveness, and responsiveness. Those from diverse populations have experiences, insights, approaches, and values from which can come many different perspectives on and alternative approaches to problems, and knowledge about consequences of each alternative. From a leadership position (for example, an executive, managerial, and/or supervisory position), suggestions and recommendations of such alternatives and

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger used symbolism throughout the novel. Four major symbols were the ducks, the Museum of Natural History, the hunting hat, and Jane Gallagher. They all represent Holden in a way, and Salinger uses these symbols very well. While Holden is wandering around New York City, he asks many people about what happens to the ducks in the pond when it freezes. I think this really symbolizes Holden. He isn’t really wondering about the ducks, he is wondering about himself. He wants to know what will happen to him when the weather gets really cold. He wants to know if he will have to go home, because he is really afraid to. This relates to the theme of going home, which is a recurring theme during the novel. The novel is basically his slow return to his home, and he is wondering whether he should go home or stay outside and freeze. The other two symbols, Jane Gallagher and the Museum of Natural History, both represent the theme of the past. Jane Gallaghe r was an old friend of Holden’s, and he mentions her many times during the story. He mentions that he will call her, but he never gets the nerve to. She is an important part of his past that he misses a lot, and he wants to go back and be with her again. The Museum of Natural History represents a different aspect of his past. While Jane Gallagher makes Holden want to return to his past, the Museum of Natural History sort of changes his mind. He remembers how he used to go there all the time, and how he was different, but the wax figures were always the same. He realizes that he can’t go back in time, because he is not the same as he used to be. He also realizes that he will never be the same as he used to be. One other important symbol is Holden’s hunting cap. I think that his cap represents security. He always seemed to be wearing the hat and every time he puts it on, he always mentions how it makes him feel better. It also represents his individuality. It make s him seem to be different from others since he is the only one to be wearing such a hat and people thinks that it is quite odd when they saw him wear it.