Friday, December 27, 2019

The Liberal Era Of The Progressive Era - 1220 Words

A great democracy has got to be progressive or it will soon cease to be great or a democracy. ( ). The Progressive Era consisted of reformers demanding the government to clean up society. Entering office in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt was an individual in the republican Party, but as the country began to spin out of control Roosevelt joined the new Progressive Party and saved the country from a disastrous ending (685). Reformers set out to cleanse the country go its wrong doings. The progressivism agenda included: an active government to right political, economic and social wrongs (685). The activist only wanted the governments intervention for a short period of time then let the country run without government after things were back too†¦show more content†¦Multiple groups consolidated to fight for reform. The economic down fall was too drastic that it effected a significant number of people from several groups, among those included young protestants, muckrakers, and sociali st. Young protestants were passionate for righting moral wrongs and up lifting human spirts. Being raised in a protestant home prompted their interest in social actions. Even though many of them abandoned their religious pathway of becoming ministries or missionaries they were still discouraged in the corruption in American politics and the separation of rich and poor classes. Ida B Wells was a young protestant known as a muckraker, whom worked in investigation journalism, her goal was to dredge up the muck in American institutions. Ida B Well exposed John d Rockefeller as he had turned his Standard Oil Company into monopoly. The govenor of New Year, theodore Roosevelt gained congresses attention by his strong dedication, leadership and effort to rid the state of corruption and patronage. This type of characteristics was exactly needed in a president during this time of movement. Roosevelt was chosen to be McKinley s running mate. McKinley won the election but choose Roosevelt as hi s vice president. McKinley was shot during his term leaving Roosevelt in charge of the country. In 1902 Roosevelt used Sherman s antitrust act to break up the northern securities company. After thisShow MoreRelatedProgressive Era And Liberal Era1382 Words   |  6 Pages DBQ Progressive Era Essay Many citizens throughout the Progressive Era believed no changes occurred in the society because the press did not write about the changes and the Woman’s Suffrage Movement did not change either. However, changes such as the government changing, both the labor and meat inspection reforms, and trusts reforms indeed brought about change, noticeable or not. Therefore, the Progressive era brought great social, political, and economic change by bettering the overall lives ofRead MoreThe Progressive Era - Liberal or Conservative1811 Words   |  8 PagesThe Progressive Era - Liberal or Conservative During the latter part of the nineteenth century, presumably around the 1890s, it became known as the Progressive Era, a time of change, reform, and adaptation. As Vernon L. Parrignton put it, it was a democratic renaissance (Vernon L. Parrington in The Progressive Movement: Liberal or Conservative). So what was Progressivism? Well, its main goals were to curb corporate power, to end business monopolies, and to wipe out political corruption. TheyRead MoreThe Liberal Era Of The Twentieth Century / Progressive Era Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pagespublic opinion in exposing corruption in politics and political machines in the early 20th century/progressive era. Most of those journalists were part of a grander social movement to elicit change during a rocky social time in United States’ history (Gorman). It is essential to start any informative information of muckrakers by exhibiting the social conditions of progressivism. The Progressive Era began around 1895 and ended in 1920, it was a response to the shifting social structure the UnitedRead MoreExtent to which the Republican Party Liberalized1502 Words   |  6 PagesA. Plan of Investigation The Progressive Era was a time characterized by a multitude of reactions to the inherent problems in American society and politics. The previous age of â€Å"gilded† politics had left the American political system fraught with corruption and inefficiency, and the rise of industrialization made clear the socioeconomic divide between the lower and upper classes. Progressivism became a loosely connected movement of legislation, ideas, and people striving to improve theRead MoreGoals of the Progressive Era Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of society while conservatism stresses gradual change in society but promotes tradition rather than change. The Progressive movement from 1901 to 1917 worked to improve aspects of society that grew out of problems which occurred during the Industrial Age. The goals of the Progressives were to stop monopolies, corruption, inefficiency and social injustices. Both progressive acts and amendments were being passed to deal with social ills, corruption in politics and corporate America. The periodRead MoreThe Progressive Era1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Progressive Era Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopolies and so forth. During thisRead More The Progressive Era Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopoliesRead MoreThe Era Of Political Structure1181 Words   |  5 PagesEach era of political structure brings, in its own way, something that our nation needed at that specific point in time. With each need answered comes a needed question, for that which works for one era make have disastrous consequences for the next. Whereas the founding era, or the eighteenth century to the american revolution, questioned the constitution, the time after questioned the union and Lincoln’s words. The questions asked during each era were crucial to the development of our nation andRead MoreThe Progressive Movement in the US Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesAbrams, he says the progressives mostly sought to introduce old moral beliefs on Americans by trying to integrate Immigrants by making them accept the ways of American life. But Abrams states those goals were ruined for important motives. One being the movement failed because of racism, whic h was widespread, throughout this time era. Abrams also considers the new scientific developments concerning culture and race affected the movement in a relevant manner. Conversely, progressives thought differentlyRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of American History1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe progressive era is one of the most researched times in American history due to the multiple social and economic movements that took place. When historians argue about progressivism, they are not just debating about events of a century ago, they are struggling to interpret the basic meaning of American democracy. The progressive era is a widely debated topic among many historians. It is known as a time period that consisted of economic, political, social, and moral reforms. In summary the progressive

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Issue Of Sex Trafficking - 1275 Words

For thousands of years women and children, boys and girls have been sold into unwilling slavery. In 1927, the League of Nations was founded, this organization was formed to focus on world peace and it also focused on human trafficking. In 1932, Japan had set up a system where women all across Asia were forced into sexual slavery. The women were housed in what were known as comfort stations. The conditions in these stations were atrocious, with each woman detained in a small cubicle, and received beatings and other tortures if they were defiant against the tortures brought down upon them. In 1956 India conformed the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act. This act was supposed to persecute the third parties involving human trafficking. Although, this act was bound to protect the women involved, it often ended up putting them in worse situations. In 1995, the United Nations held the fourth world conference, this actually put into motion that sex trafficking was a violation on a womans right for the refusal of any sexual notion she does not find herself involved in willingly. This act put into motion the establishment of local and international law enforcement to try and contain the ever growing black market of human slave trafficking. â€Å"The United States Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 defines â€Å"severe forms of trafficking† as: a) â€Å"sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced toShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking874 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cambodia, sex trafficking has grown to a troublesome issue. Sex trafficking, also known as sex slavery, has become one of the fastest growing crimes occurring in the United States and internationally. It is the third largest crime-business in the world, after drugs and arms trafficking. Women, girls, and even men and boys are victims of the billion-dollar sex slavery industry. Sex trafficking occurs eve rywhere, and it is not cultural specific, but a gender specific issue. There are numerous casesRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pageshuman trafficking is when people are being kidnapped and being sold to other people for business. It is defined as a new system of slavery. â€Å"This by means happens with the threat or use of force† or other forms of pressure, of abduction, â€Å"fraud, and deception†. Human trafficking is one of the biggest social issue happening around the world. It involves three most common types of human trafficking which are sex trafficking, forced labour, and debt slavery. This essay is going to focus on sex traffickingRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking858 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is a trafficking issue but that it doesn’t apply to everywhere in the world. The smaller the county, the less of a problem people believe trafficking is but this is not the case. No matter where in the world or the size of th e county trafficking is an issue everywhere. Without specific focus on informing students about the risks and reality of this issue in the world, students are being thrown into society unequipped to protect themselves and others from becoming sex slaves. This issue is not oneRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking2713 Words   |  11 Pagesthem is sex trafficking, which is a profitable business to people who stand in charge of it, but it is also dignity and life taking type. Although governments around the world try doing everything it can to solve the problem, not everyone is interested in the problem or even aware of it. The government of the U.S. should not be the only one who has to care about the problem, but the American people themselves should take interest in it too. The interest in the big problems like sex trafficking is veryRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking1595 Words   |  7 PagesStates, condemned sex trafficking around the world with these words, and he gave it a weighty name--slavery. Despite the fact that India is very much a part of the civilized world with its tremendous progress and emergence as a global power and despite the abolishment of slavery for over 150 years in India, slavery still remains and is in fact, becoming increasingly prevalent (Hameed). However, instead of slavery, the same oppression now exists as sex trafficking. Sex trafficking, defined by sexualRead MoreThe Legal Issues Of Sex Trafficking2346 Words   |  10 Pagesare involved in sex trafficking (source). Many Americans connect sex trafficking to third world countries and are surprised to discover that trafficking occurs equally as much in their home country. Sex trafficking in the United States is made up of foreigners being sold on American soil, American s being sold in foreign countries, and Americans being sold on American soil. Every girl, as well as the lesser number of boys, have their own story on how they ended up in sex trafficking. These storiesRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Sex Trafficking1262 Words   |  6 Pagescriminal act of human trafficking, innocent children are placed into a modern day act of slavery. Though the thought of enslaving children is shocking, the issue of human sex trafficking is still well alive and rising in the United States. In efforts to raise awareness and inform the public of this heinous act, it is important to identify the issue of human sex trafficking, capture the johns while raising awareness, and to provide rehabilitation for the victims. Human sex trafficking is demoralizingRead MoreThe Issue Of Human And Sex Trafficking1272 Words   |  6 Pagesnext is trapped in your head. What? How? Who? Is all you ask yourself. You become a lost soul who s left without any hope for a better tomorrow. No one ever believes it can happen to them , and it’s the last thing on anyone’s mind. â€Å"Human And Sex Trafficking is one of the fastest growing crimes in the world† ( stop the traffik. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2016). It s such huge crime , yet the authorities can’t get it under control. These horrific events take place all over the world and there s onlyRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later r aped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another person to have sex against their will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)Read MoreSex Trafficking Has Turned Into A Developing Social Issue1868 Words   |  8 Pages Sex trafficking has turned into a developing social issue where people have become very valuable . In a neo-liberal state where financial flexibility and liberalization are frameworks set up to make a supposedly more unhindered society of equivalent assets and opportunities, this has been acclimated to end up a benefit making industry by traffickers who utilize the false deceptions of better lives abroad to trap individuals who experience high levels of poverty. The author Chika Unigwe was born

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Impact of AASB 116 on Change in Methods of Depreciation & Policies

Question: Discus about the Impact of AASB 116 on Change in Methods of Depreciation and Policies. Answer: Introduction The assignment focuses on the role of the accounting professionals based on the change in the method of depreciation that is done due to the challenges that business is facing in the current case. The company had a various type of challenges that they face due to the certain changes in the business environment of the company but such accounting policies can only be changed in the case it is in the scope of the standard that we need to follow in the day to day process that need to be followed by the customer. Accountants role in changing depreciation methods There isnt any requirement what is the meaning of the term depreciation, what is the impact of the same on the overall assets disclosed by the company in its financial statements Y-o-Y and how the same shall be taken to ascertain the useful life of the assets.There are instances wherein the role of the accountant is much more than just disclosing what should be the percentage of these and when to draw up a line to ensure that the disclosure is being made not only on a fair basis but also when there are cases wherein it is of an unusual nature, he correctly reports it as an extraordinary item and ensure there is no manipulation and inflation etc.(AASB 116 - Property, 2017)Accountant has to ensure that whenever there are cases of change in method of depreciation, it is within the parameters which allow it to happen and are being routed the usual process of approvals and disclosure because he is the person who vouches for the disclosed line items in the financials of the company.(Delloi tte, 2016) This is because, for instance, say the method of depreciation changes from SLM to sum of the digits method, it will result in higher profits being reported now onwards because till now, due to SLM method, almost double the depreciation was charged and income reported was less. Now when we change the same, it will result in lesser depreciation value and higher profits being reported. Thats why it should be validated, approved and at the most disclosed to the entire entity along with the stakeholders.(Carlin, 2016) Stakeholders take on change in method of depreciation: Before giving a response to his, the first step is to ensure who all are the persons to be included in the list of stakeholders and then see what will be the possible impact on the same due to change in method of accounting.Hence, stakeholders are people who belong to a substantially broader group, because they include any one having an interest in the success or failure of a business. This group can include shareholders, but goes well beyond shareholders to also include customers, communities, suppliers and partners, creditors and the government. Apart from the regular meetings that we have, we even need to check that how are going to justify the same to the larger board, impact of the same on the financials and how do we sustain it for the going concern concept of the accounting standard.(ABC, 2016) Apart from the requirement to undertake the responsibility to update this to the leads, the other basic requirement is to ensure that these things are being sought after these stakeholders rather than just intimating them regarding the same.(Laing, 2016) Impact of AASB 116: Property, Plant and Equipment The Standard applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009 with early application of the Reduced Disclosure Requirements (RDR). It incorporates relevant amendments made up to and including 30 June 2010. RDR amendments cannot be applied to periods beginning before 1 July 2009.We should comply with the requirements of the standard before going away with the change in method, and when we actually undertake the same, we should check the effective date from which it is applicable, whether there was any valuation done by an independent valuer, what are the methods and significant assumptions, while estimating the items of fair valuation and we need to mention the extent to which these line items have an influence and valuation whether directly or indirectly.(Guide, 2016) The Australian Accounting Board also pressurizes on how the valuation will be done for these line items and how the same shall be a part of the notes to accounts. We should present to the board why did the transition/change happen from one method to another and how does it control the overall disclosure requirements of the standard. Where all the lines have to be drawn by the presenters of the accounts and how are they disclosing these changes in method of depreciation.We need to check what all are the pending points to be monitored, what are the areas wherein we need to send up periodic reviews to the stakeholders and how do we justify the same to the group at large.(Hill, 2016) . More so, based upon the nature of the assets that meet the recognition criteria and are eligible for revaluation based upon the change in method of accounting, we shall take into account only those assets that may not have limited useful lives (for instance, when the entity adopts a bettered approach as they justify for it), and therefore may not be subject to depreciation. However, they would be subject to impairment testing when there is an indication of impairment.(Accounting for subsequent expenditure on PPE, 2014). As per the standard, we have come across that whenever there is an allowance to change the method of depreciation, i t cannot be done more than once and that too it should comply with the requirements mentioned therein as well. Ethics and governance: When coming up with a change in method of accounting, we need to check that how do we justify the change, what led to the changes, the impact of the same, how to disclose the same to the stakeholders, what made to happen those changes, and what will be the impact of the same. When we present the notes to accounts to the stakeholders, we shall be able to present the same in a workable model and share what shall be the assumptions baselined to arrive with this method, assets that meet the recognition criteria and are eligible for revaluation based upon the change in method of accounting, and then we need to send up periodic reviews to the stakeholders and how do we justify the same to the group at large. These group always thinks that the results published to the public at large are being checked and prepared with the current scenario.(Gov.in, 2017) Cases wherein the company changes the method of depreciation, governance clauses specify that it should be disclosed by the company in its financial statements Y-o-Y and how the same shall be taken to ascertain the useful life of the assets and what will be the hit on the margins. When the entity witnesses the change, it is much more than just disclosing what should be the percentage of these and when to draw up a line to ensure that the disclosure is being made on a fair basis plus ensure that there are no cases wherein it is of an unusual nature, the entity correctly reports it as an extraordinary item and ensure there is no manipulation and inflation etc. to the stakeholders at large.(Amortisation, 2014) In cases of change in method of depreciation, ethics require to check that this change is within the parameters which allow it to happen and are being routed the usual process of approvals and disclosure because we should have a mechanism to vouch for the disclosed line items in the financials of the company. Because the value of depreciation considered by one method of depreciation, say for instance, change from SLM to sum of the digits method, it will result in higher profits being because due to SLM method, almost double the depreciation was charged and income reported was less. And in case of sum of digits method, it is aggressive and hence we end up taking more revenue as compared to the previous years. Thats why it should be validated, approved and at the most disclosed to the entire entity along with the stakeholders.(A guide for asset and maintenance managers, 2016) Recommendations: We recommend that when as a company policy, there is a change in the method of depreciation, it should have an impact from top to bottom and the discussion for the same should flow from bottom to top level. While presenting the financials to the stakeholders, the first thing to do is to comply ethically and legally and present all the numbers as it is. In this case, when Kam asked Maria to propose a method to sustain the profits of coming years over future years, rather than coming up with an option to change the method of depreciation and decide not to disclose the same to the people at large, Maria would have discussed openly and shared that disclosure of correct set of information is the basic requirement set and this has to come up right from the top management. Staggering of profits is something which should not be as a part of daily practice and rather than that we should ensure and take up measures that help us not only in coming up with better approaches to sustain and survive but also help us in making up with the expectations set up by the stakeholders and the shareholders.(Equipment, 2016) It is a primary requirement to ensure that this change is within the parameters which allow it to happen and are being routed the usual process of approvals and we should even undertake the disclosure because we should have a mechanism to vouch for the disclosed line items in the financials of the company. We understand we should take steps which does not allow us to violate the standards and any such changes leading to issues in the overall accounting principles of the company as a well and help to improve the ethical environment of the company on an overall level. Conclusion It can be said the company in the given case had tried to change the polices without proper allocation of the same with the AASB 116 with the motive to evade the revenue and impact the profits as well. It can be said that it is against the best practices that the company needs to follow and hence incorrect presentation of the statements to the public at large. These roles needs to be checked by the accountant and helps them to focus on the same and follow the standard before making any such decisions. Bibliography A guide for asset and maintenance managers. (2016). Department of Housing and Public Works, 1-5. AASB 116 - Property, P. a.-J. (2017). Reasons for Issuing AASB 116. Federal Register of Legislation, 1-1. ABC. (2016). Property, Plant and Equipment - Procedures. University Of Queensland, 1-4. Accounting for subsequent expenditure on PPE. (2014). Australia Government Department Office, 11-7. Amortisation, N. 5.D. (2014). NCAP 5 Depreciation and Amortisation . December 2014: State Of Queensland China . Carlin, T. M. (2016). The Insider Trading Implications of Directors Loans. JOURNAL OF LAW and Financials Management, 1-10. Delloitte. (2016). Valuing agricultural assets. USA: Delloitte Publishng House. Equipment, I. 1. (2016). IASB APPLICATION DATE. Asutralia: CPA Austlaia. Gov.in, A. (2017, 5 12). AASB 116. Retrieved from AASB.GOV.AU: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB116_07-04_COMPjun09_07-09.pdf Guide, R. M. (2016). Accounting for subsequent expenditure on PPE. Finance Gov In, 1-10. Hill, M. (2016). Revaluations and impairment testing of non current assets. LearnLIne EDU, 1-1. Laing, G. K. (2016). Deconstructing an accounting paradigm. 2015, 509-512.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay Example

Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Abstract This paper covers the history and development of Neuro Linguistic Programming in the field of psychology covering its techniques and its growth from behavioral modeling and the influences of Gestalt psychologists Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, and Milton Erikson. Richard Bandler and John Grinder are considered the fathers of Neuro Linguistic Programming and this paper covers the skills they developed and their discovery of the ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. NLP can be used in psychotherapy but also in many other fields such as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) was first developed in the U. S. in the early 1970s from studying the thinking and behavioral skills used by particularly effective and successful people. It is the way of organizing and understanding the structure of subjective experience (Bandler Grinder 1975). Developed by a mathematician; Richard Bandler and a linguist John Grinder, NLP has been clinically demonstrated as a useful technology for generating change. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Together they studied the three most successful therapists at the time to uncover the structure behind their work. The three where the founder of Gestalt therapy, Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, Mother of Family therapy and Milton Erikson, the pre-eminent hypnotherapist of the modern era (Tan REV) NLP grew out of the behavioural modelling activity of Grinder and Bandler in studying Virginia Satir, Fritz Perls, and Milton H Erickson. Richard Bandler (1949- ) enrolled as a psychology student in the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. John Grinder, (1940- ) was an associate rofessor of linguistics. Bandler joined the group of Grinder-followers and they became friends. Soon they were using Grinders linguistics to pursue Bandlers interest in the work and the success-rate of Virginia Satir (mother of Family Therapy) and Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy). They analysed writings and tape-recordings to discover what accounted for the successful results achieved by Satir and Perl s. Later, through a friend of Bandlers, they got to know and became admirers of Gregory Bateson who, in turn, introduced them to the work of Milton Erickson. Using their studies Bandler and Grinder where able to develop skills to of modeling that allowed them to identify the structural elements of another individual’s behavior and teach that behavior to a third person (Dilts, Grinder, Bandler, Cameron Bandler Delozier 1980). Bandler and Grinder noticed that the words people use to express themselves are a literal description of their mental experiences and at the basic level of understanding, people input, process internally, and output information using one or more of the five sensory channels; visual, auditory, kinesthetic, smell and taste. The first three are the most important in day to day information processing (Andreas Andreas 1982). As they began to come up with ideas, insights, and techniques they tried them out on friends (including Robert Dilts, Judith DeLozier, Leslie Cameron Bandler, and David Gordon) who soon joined them in developing and extending the work. The enthusiastic and highly creative group grew and this was how Neuro Linguistic Programming was developed. NLP has acquired a reputation for enabling people to become mind readers; this is partly because of the work of Grinder and Bandler. They discovered that there are ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. And out of this search came many of the methods that are still part of good Practitioner and Master Practitioner Trainings such as anchoring, sensory acuity and calibration, reframing, representational systems, and the two Language Models as well as many of the personal change techniques such as the New Behavioural Generator and Change Personal History. Using eye movements as a method of determining the preferred representational system Falzett (1981) found that a male and female interviewer where rated as more trustworthy by subjects when predicated systems where matched by the interviewer than when the interviewer used mismatching predicates in responding to a subjects verbalizations. The NLP model states that because of a specific neural wiring, humans move their eyes in predictable patterns when they are accessing representational strategies. Breathing rate can also be used, high in the chest with short choppy breaths is a visual access, low in the stomach with deep breaths in kinesthetic access and even breathing in the middle of the chest indicates auditory access. Other behavioral aspects are the positioning of the shoulders, posture shifts, skin color changes, heart rate and also body temperature changes. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). NLP states that these accessing cues are the process where an individual modulates their neurology to access various representational that are necessary when trying to make sense out of their environment. During therapy, NLP is process orientated; it is directed at the production of therapeutic change by affecting formal strategies that a person constantly employs. Expanding and challenging theses strategies is performed with the use of anchors. An anchor is a specific word which represents behaviors classically conditioned to evoke a specific response. This response can be cognitive or behavioral. An anchor does not need to be to be reinforced with its response and it does not need to be conditioned over a period of time. Language is a common anchoring system. For example, the word dog will be an auditory anchor to an image of four legged animal that barks, an effective anchor with little cognitive effort. The smell of a hospital or a family member screaming in anger is examples of anchors that have been unintentionally installed and they operate out of an individual’s awareness and direct control. Neuro Linguistic Programming operates to install new anchors which work just as well as these unintentional anchors and work toward evoking a response that increases the behavioral flexibility of a person and it is through these anchors that changes can be made in the strategies of thought. Using NLP a therapist can establish a map of one’s cognitive representation of the world and place anchors that be established in a clients strategies that provoke responses that differ from those expected using their original strategy. It is now used internationally used by millions of people throughout the world in such diverse fields as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). Grinder and Bandler proposed certain assumptions in their model of communications, NLP. They assumed that people, (a) organize experiences into representational systems reflecting one or more sensory modes, (visual, auditory and kinesthetic); (b) vary in tendencies to encode experiences primarily in one sensory mode or another; (c) express such individual differences through choice of verbal predicates and through eyes movements; (d) communicate best with others who use the same representational or predicate systems. (Fromme Daniell 1984) The sensory mode utilized and the sequences of modality utilizations are critical to the performance of any given task. A person who is skilled at a certain task will have a radically different processing sequence from someone who performs poorly at the same task. The systems are sensory specific, grounded in a definable sensory system that provides the material for the experience. A person who uses a visual preferred representational system (PRS) will primarily attend to images, facial expressions and colors. Similarly, an auditory PRS may focus on sounds, tones, and volume. The kinesthetic PRS will focus on bodily sensations such as proprioceptive information, tactile experience, and the experience of affect. Hossack,MClinPSycholStandidge1993) References Andreas, C, Andreas, S. (1982). Neuro-Linguistic Programming: A new technology for training. Performance Instruction, 21(5), 37-39. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1002/pfi. 4170210519 Bandler, R Grinder, J (1975) Patterns of the Hypnotic techniques of Milton H Erickson MD, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA Meta Publications Dilts, R, Grinder, J, Bandle r, R, Cameron-Bandler, L DeLozier, J (1980) Neuro Linguistic Programming, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications Einspruch, E. , Forman, B. (1988). Neuro-linguistic programming in the treatment of phobias. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 6(1), 91-100. http://search. ebscohost. com Fromme, D. , Daniell, J. (1984). Neuro-linguistic programming examined: Imagery, sensory mode, and communication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 387-390. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 31. 3. 387 Gumm, W. , Walker, M. , Day, H. (1982). Neuro-linguistics programming: Method or myth? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(3), 327-330. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 29. . 327 Hossack, Alex, MClinPsychol, Standidge, Karen. (1993). Using an imaginary scrapbook for neuro-linguistic programming in the aftermath of a clinical depression: A case history. The Gerontologist, 33(2), 265. Retrieved October 7, 2009, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1649306). Helm, D (2003). Neuro Linguistic Programming: Deciphering the truth in the criminal mind. Education, 124(2), 257-260. Retrieved Octob er 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 532771451). Krugman, M. , Kirsch, I. , Wickless, C. , Milling, L. , Golicz, H. Toth, A. (1985). Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 526-530. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-006X. 53. 4. 526 Schaefer, D. , Beausay, W. , Pursley, C. (1983). Neuro-linguistic programming: Introduction, assessment, and critique. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 2(3), 2-13. Walter, J Bayat, A. (2003). Neuro-linguistic programming: The keys to success. Student MJ, 11, 252. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 373186041). Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay Example Neuro Linguistic Programming Essay History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Abstract This paper covers the history and development of Neuro Linguistic Programming in the field of psychology covering its techniques and its growth from behavioral modeling and the influences of Gestalt psychologists Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, and Milton Erikson. Richard Bandler and John Grinder are considered the fathers of Neuro Linguistic Programming and this paper covers the skills they developed and their discovery of the ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. NLP can be used in psychotherapy but also in many other fields such as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. History of Neuro Linguistic Programming Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) was first developed in the U. S. in the early 1970s from studying the thinking and behavioral skills used by particularly effective and successful people. It is the way of organizing and understanding the structure of subjective experience (Bandler ; Grinder 1975). Developed by a mathematician; Richard Bandler and a linguist John Grinder, NLP has been clinically demonstrated as a useful technology for generating change. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neuro Linguistic Programming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Together they studied the three most successful therapists at the time to uncover the structure behind their work. The three where the founder of Gestalt therapy, Fritz Perls; Virginia Satir, Mother of Family therapy and Milton Erikson, the pre-eminent hypnotherapist of the modern era (Tan REV) NLP grew out of the behavioural modelling activity of Grinder and Bandler in studying Virginia Satir, Fritz Perls, and Milton H Erickson. Richard Bandler (1949- ) enrolled as a psychology student in the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. John Grinder, (1940- ) was an associate rofessor of linguistics. Bandler joined the group of Grinder-followers and they became friends. Soon they were using Grinders linguistics to pursue Bandlers interest in the work and the success-rate of Virginia Satir (mother of Family Therapy) and Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy). They analysed writings and tape-recordings to discover what accounted for the successful results achieved by Satir and Perl s. Later, through a friend of Bandlers, they got to know and became admirers of Gregory Bateson who, in turn, introduced them to the work of Milton Erickson. Using their studies Bandler and Grinder where able to develop skills to of modeling that allowed them to identify the structural elements of another individual’s behavior and teach that behavior to a third person (Dilts, Grinder, Bandler, Cameron Bandler Delozier 1980). Bandler and Grinder noticed that the words people use to express themselves are a literal description of their mental experiences and at the basic level of understanding, people input, process internally, and output information using one or more of the five sensory channels; visual, auditory, kinesthetic, smell and taste. The first three are the most important in day to day information processing (Andreas Andreas 1982). As they began to come up with ideas, insights, and techniques they tried them out on friends (including Robert Dilts, Judith DeLozier, Leslie Cameron Bandler, and David Gordon) who soon joined them in developing and extending the work. The enthusiastic and highly creative group grew and this was how Neuro Linguistic Programming was developed. NLP has acquired a reputation for enabling people to become mind readers; this is partly because of the work of Grinder and Bandler. They discovered that there are ways to identify the representational systems someone uses even when that person is not talking, by recognizing eye movements that reveal that the person is making pictures, hearing sounds, or sensing feelings. And out of this search came many of the methods that are still part of good Practitioner and Master Practitioner Trainings such as anchoring, sensory acuity and calibration, reframing, representational systems, and the two Language Models as well as many of the personal change techniques such as the New Behavioural Generator and Change Personal History. Using eye movements as a method of determining the preferred representational system Falzett (1981) found that a male and female interviewer where rated as more trustworthy by subjects when predicated systems where matched by the interviewer than when the interviewer used mismatching predicates in responding to a subjects verbalizations. The NLP model states that because of a specific neural wiring, humans move their eyes in predictable patterns when they are accessing representational strategies. Breathing rate can also be used, high in the chest with short choppy breaths is a visual access, low in the stomach with deep breaths in kinesthetic access and even breathing in the middle of the chest indicates auditory access. Other behavioral aspects are the positioning of the shoulders, posture shifts, skin color changes, heart rate and also body temperature changes. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). NLP states that these accessing cues are the process where an individual modulates their neurology to access various representational that are necessary when trying to make sense out of their environment. During therapy, NLP is process orientated; it is directed at the production of therapeutic change by affecting formal strategies that a person constantly employs. Expanding and challenging theses strategies is performed with the use of anchors. An anchor is a specific word which represents behaviors classically conditioned to evoke a specific response. This response can be cognitive or behavioral. An anchor does not need to be to be reinforced with its response and it does not need to be conditioned over a period of time. Language is a common anchoring system. For example, the word dog will be an auditory anchor to an image of four legged animal that barks, an effective anchor with little cognitive effort. The smell of a hospital or a family member screaming in anger is examples of anchors that have been unintentionally installed and they operate out of an individual’s awareness and direct control. Neuro Linguistic Programming operates to install new anchors which work just as well as these unintentional anchors and work toward evoking a response that increases the behavioral flexibility of a person and it is through these anchors that changes can be made in the strategies of thought. Using NLP a therapist can establish a map of one’s cognitive representation of the world and place anchors that be established in a clients strategies that provoke responses that differ from those expected using their original strategy. It is now used internationally used by millions of people throughout the world in such diverse fields as management, sales, marketing, public relations, education, therapy, the military and police, sport, and personal development. (Schaefer, Beausay Pursley 1983). Grinder and Bandler proposed certain assumptions in their model of communications, NLP. They assumed that people, (a) organize experiences into representational systems reflecting one or more sensory modes, (visual, auditory and kinesthetic); (b) vary in tendencies to encode experiences primarily in one sensory mode or another; (c) express such individual differences through choice of verbal predicates and through eyes movements; (d) communicate best with others who use the same representational or predicate systems. (Fromme Daniell 1984) The sensory mode utilized and the sequences of modality utilizations are critical to the performance of any given task. A person who is skilled at a certain task will have a radically different processing sequence from someone who performs poorly at the same task. The systems are sensory specific, grounded in a definable sensory system that provides the material for the experience. A person who uses a visual preferred representational system (PRS) will primarily attend to images, facial expressions and colors. Similarly, an auditory PRS may focus on sounds, tones, and volume. The kinesthetic PRS will focus on bodily sensations such as proprioceptive information, tactile experience, and the experience of affect. Hossack,MClinPSycholStandidge1993) References Andreas, C, Andreas, S. (1982). Neuro-Linguistic Programming: A new technology for training. Performance Instruction, 21(5), 37-39. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1002/pfi. 4170210519 Bandler, R Grinder, J (1975) Patterns of the Hypnotic techniques of Milton H Erickson MD, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA Meta Publications Dilts, R, Grinder, J, Bandle r, R, Cameron-Bandler, L DeLozier, J (1980) Neuro Linguistic Programming, Vol 1 Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications Einspruch, E. , Forman, B. (1988). Neuro-linguistic programming in the treatment of phobias. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 6(1), 91-100. http://search. ebscohost. com Fromme, D. , Daniell, J. (1984). Neuro-linguistic programming examined: Imagery, sensory mode, and communication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 387-390. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 31. 3. 387 Gumm, W. , Walker, M. , Day, H. (1982). Neuro-linguistics programming: Method or myth? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(3), 327-330. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-0167. 29. . 327 Hossack, Alex, MClinPsychol, Standidge, Karen. (1993). Using an imaginary scrapbook for neuro-linguistic programming in the aftermath of a clinical depression: A case history. The Gerontologist, 33(2), 265. Retrieved October 7, 2009, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1649306). Helm, D (2003). Neuro Linguistic Programming: Deciphering the truth in the criminal mind. Education, 124(2), 257-260. Retrieved Octob er 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 532771451). Krugman, M. , Kirsch, I. , Wickless, C. , Milling, L. , Golicz, H. Toth, A. (1985). Neuro-linguistic programming treatment for anxiety: Magic or myth? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 526-530. http://search. ebscohost. com, doi:10. 1037/0022-006X. 53. 4. 526 Schaefer, D. , Beausay, W. , Pursley, C. (1983). Neuro-linguistic programming: Introduction, assessment, and critique. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 2(3), 2-13. Walter, J Bayat, A. (2003). Neuro-linguistic programming: The keys to success. Student MJ, 11, 252. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 373186041).

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Why the South lost the civil War essays

Why the South lost the civil War essays During the first battle of Bull Run the Union troops ran in full retreat back to Washington DC. During this time General Lee told president Davis that give him ten thousand troops and he would capture Washington DC, Davis thought he was kidding and just laughed him off. Had Davis not been mistaken our country might very well be split in half. That is just one of the massive blunders the South committed during the war. Some of the other problems the South had during the war was lack of unity, unorganized, smaller and towards the end of the war low moral. Regardless of all else unity was the biggest challenge faced by the South. When you fight a war you need a strong united front. When the confederate was formed the central government. It was created to weak, it couldnt pass taxes or conscript troops into one main army. When your government cant pass laws for the good of the many then you have a conflict with unity. Another conflict of unity was the confederate troops were loyal first to their states and second to the confederacy. This an example of is during Shermans march through Georgia. When the men from Georgia heard the tales of looting, raping, and pillaging the number of deserters were in the thousands. Another problem with the South was its nature. There size was the South was agricultural in nature while the North was mostly manufacturing. The Norths big crops were wheat and corn. The Souths biggest crop was cotton. The North had the huge food supply while the South was growing cash crops. To make matters worse was South had less then half of the population of the North. Further more 1/5 of the Souths population were slaves and couldnt be allowed to fight in the war. During the first couple years of the war the South was lucky they were granted victory after victory. Though with the massive loss of life the South had begun to rea ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Windber Medical Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Windber Medical Center - Essay Example Adherence to staff hierarchy and unquestioned physician authority were the norm. However, with the demise of the coal industry, Windber Medical Center lost its key clientele, influence and revenue dipped. To make matters worse Congress enacted the Balanced Budget Amendment Act that changed how reimbursements would be made to small, nonteaching and non-rural hospitals such as Windber. This meant that Windber would have to find a way to be more competitive in order to attract more patients, government funding and funding from other third parties. Diagnosis: What problems was Windber Medical Center facing? According to the report from Ernst and Young, Windber was not making enough money and it faced an imminent demise in five years’ time because of the changes in insurance reimbursements, changes in government reimbursements and heightened competition due to increased penetration of managed care products in the market. Furthermore, Windber was located in an area where the populat ion was migrating out of thus reducing the size of its market. However, the root cause of Windber’s problems was that it operated in an archaic system that saw patients as â€Å"disruptions† rather than as customers.... The new president charged with implementing the change made appointments to meet with each employee and members of the medical staff individually. This assessment method was effective because it enabled the president to understand the organization’s culture fully as well as its influence on each employee. A similar tactic with the medical staff was not successful, however out of its failure the president learnt about the hidden, informal power structure. He learnt that there were sixteen physicians who were the nucleus of power among the medical staff. Out of this assessment it was also noted that senior managers who believed in the power of physicians sided with them on every decision. Design: What is the desired state or goal? The ultimate aim of the change effort at Windber Medical Center was to make patient-centered care the organization’s premier priority. To support this goal the organization also committed to providing a loving, nurturing environment to patients and their families as well as to addressing all patient and patient family issues quickly and efficiently. Implementation: What interventions were employed to reach this goal? Four techniques were adopted by management to advance the change effort: training, rewards, dismissals, feedback sessions and media communications. Trainings were done through: (1) peer-to-peer where four employees from different departments were trained offsite and brought back to train their peers; (2) hiring of a management consultant; (3) taking head of departments on tours to learn new models of care; and (4) annual refresher courses. Rewards were given to employees caught caring and this motivated others to do the same. After three years nearly 10 percent of the workforce

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Chapter 8 summary-business ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chapter 8 summary-business ethics - Term Paper Example Moreover the concepts of business ethics have been successfully illustrated with many of the examples from business world. A person becomes liable to a firm when he signs the contract at the first place when he is employed. A contract that is signed at the time of hiring sets the rule for an employee. The rules must be followed by the employee in any case because it is agreed by both the parties. An employee is liable to reach certain targets in order to get fair remuneration. The clauses of a contract not only includes the framework that is supposed to be followed by an employee but it further includes even the smallest matters such as holding the prospects regarding dresses clearly. There is always a combination of comments and acceptability when it comes to loyalty towards the company from an employee. Some of the writers of business ethics believe that an employee needs to be highly loyal to the company whereas on the other hand it is believed that there is a non acceptance of the fact that loyalty should be exercised to the diminished social life of an employee. It is quite depending upon the nature of the job and what type of the organization would an employee would be working. There are some of the jobs nature that require over times. The need of defending the interest of an employer is far more significant and required than just being loyal to the company. There could be a certain points and instances where the interest of an employee would surely collide with the interest of an employer. In this chapter, the issues between the interest of employee and employer have been referred to conflict of interests. The conflict of interest of could be in terms of employee’s desire of wearing clothes the way he wants, coming late at work or could be a conflict in the attainment of remuneration. The conflicts could be solved for sure but there could be instances where the conflicts would be unacceptable for the company

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Acuna Manual Binder Essay Example for Free

Acuna Manual Binder Essay Occupied American is a text book, and consequently is a survey of the history of the Chicana/o people in in the United States, which includes mostly people of Mexican origin in the United States. However, I often use the problematic term Latino when referring to the family of Latin Americans in the United States. Statistics are so co-mingled by academicians that it is often difficult to separate the disparate groups. With this said, Latin Americans share a history of colonialism – being occupied by Spain and various other European nations after 1492 when the occupation of the Americas began. Mexico has had the longest contact with the Euro-American nation called the United States, sharing a near 2000 mile border with the U. S. The occupation of Mexico began in 1519 a hundred years before the British landed on Plymouth Rock (1620). This survey history begins in Pre-Columbian times with the history of the Native Americans with whose history Mexicans are stamped genetically and culturally. After 500 years of occupation, ninety percent of Mexicans carry Indian DNA – contrast this to Euro-Americans, of whom fewer than one percent have Indian blood The World Fact Book, Mexico, https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx. html. The Mexican cuisine also pays homage to the Indian past as do many place names. The textbook uses timelines to make sense of what happened and why it happened. I tell my students that to be effective they have to learn how to organize. One of the problems with many of us is that our parents never taught us to organize; the first step should have been to learn how to organize our highboy – clothes are not randomly thrown into a drawer. The timeline is our highboy, it will help us make sense out of time and put together a story. This is why I tell students to learn how to use story boards to fill in the timeline. You can pull up a number of good sites for story boards (e. g. , http://www. storyboardthat. com/). It is the same technique that is used in writing a movie script. The storyboard lets you know where you were and where you are going. Chapters in books serve the same function. Footnotes verify the veracity of the story as well as build the story. Your critical thinking skills help you interpret it. This mini book includes eleven modules to complement the chapters in the book. It is a guide that can easily be converted into an online class. Whereas the book chapters provide a macro story, the modules provide added materials. I have included internet articles with visuals as well as YouTube presentations and events. These are designed to further support those of you who are taking the class online. It also provides support to instructors and reduces the need for expensive readers. Word of caution: the sites often change link addresses so if one goes down, email us and we will correct it. The entire purpose of this manual is for you to better understand history. As mentioned, each module corresponds to a chapter or chapters in Occupied America. They are divided into Assigned Readings in Chapter(s), an Introduction, Internet articles, You Tube Lectures, and suggested discussion questions. The appendices have recommended websites, suggested programs in the American Experience/PBS, Music of the 1960s, and a list of four year institutions that have Bachelor of Arts programs in Chicana/o Studies. I also include a tour of a Chicana/o Research Site. I begin this endeavor with a short tour of the Arizona State University Chicana/o Collection. I plan to add other sites on a monthly basis. We must remember that history is a study of documents – that is what footnotes are all about. My Facebook account is under https://www. facebook. com/rudy. acuna. 9406 Mini Course Module I IDENTITY Required: Text: Rodolfo F. Acuna, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (New York: Pearson, 2014). Reader: Rodolfo F. Acuna, ed. , Guadalupe Compean ed. , Voices of the U. S. Latino Experience [Three Volumes] (Santa Barbara: ABC CLIO Books, 2008). Do not buy the book (too expensive); access the E-Book through your university library. I. Definitions Identity: a) Rodolfo F. Acuna, â€Å"The Word Chicana/o†. Words have meanings, meanings that are supposed to be linked to reality. In creating a historical narrative, the meanings should be clear and best describe the reality of the times. Meanings can be obscured for political purposes; we often call this doublespeak: we say one thing and mean another. The Chicana/o Public Scholar argues that the word Chicana/o best describes the area of studies called Chicana/o Studies, and it expresses the idealism that we as a community should be striving for. The Mexican American generation proactively fought for our civil rights, demanding equality under the law as Americans. The Chicano Movement demanded equality as human beings and asserted the right to call themselves what they pleased. It was under the Chicano watch that entitlements were dramatically broadened and larger numbers of peo ple of Mexican origin entered colleges and universities. They demanded their rights and did not see education as a privilege. Just calling yourself a Chicano or any other word is not enough. You can call yourself a Christian but that does not necessarily make you a good person. â€Å"Words have meanings, meanings are supposed to be linked to reality. † The word Chicano in Spanish is gender neutral. But, many Chicana/o scholars felt that words should be transformative. Sexism was a problem that was tearing the movement apart. Chicano Studies became Chicana/o Studies to denote the equality of the sexes and underscore that gender discrimination damages our humanity as much as racism does. The redefinition of the word led to an examination of homophobia. Thus, the meaning of the word Chicana/o expanded reality. The 1970s and 1980s saw large numbers of Mexican and Latin American immigrants. We failed to link the meaning of the word Chicana/o to the reality of the immigrant population that now rivaled the second generation in numbers. The Mexican American and Chicano Generations had widened the entitlements of all immigrants. However, many of these immigrants held on to old definitions, such as equating the word Chicano to chicanery or low class. Many continued to link their struggle for equality to their home countries rather than linking it to their new reality. At the same time, the arrival of millions of Mexicans and Latin Americans dramatically expanded the â€Å"Latino market. † Government agencies and commercial enterprises looked upon the Mexican American and Latino as commodities and linked these new definitions to illusions. To broaden the discourse, we are including articles by the martyred Ruben Salazar, Frank del Olmo, and Cheech Marin. Ruben Salazar, â€Å"Who Is a Chicano? And What Is It the Chicanos Want? ,† Los Angeles Times, Feb 6, 1970; pg. B7 http://forchicanachicanostudies. wikispaces. com/file/view/Ruben%20Salazar. pdf/61339512/ Ruben%20Salazar. pdf Frank del Olmo, â€Å"Latinos by Any Other Name Are Latinos,† Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1981; ) pg. D11 http://forchicanachicanostudies. wikispaces. com/file/view/Frank%20del%20Olmo. pdf/61343630/ Frank%20del%20Olmo. pdf Cheech Marin, â€Å"What is a Chicano: Who the hell knows? † May 3, 2012 http://cheechmarin. com/2012/05/03/what-is-a-chicano/ Cheech: To me, you have to declare yourself a Chicano in order to be a Chicano. That makes a Chicano a Mexican-American with a defiant political attitude that centers on his or her right to self-definition. I’m a Chicano because I say I am. But no Chicano will agree with me because one of the characteristics of being Chicano is you don’t agree with anybody, or anything. And certainly not another Chicano. We are the only tribe that has all chiefs and no Indians. But don’t ever insult a Chicano about being a Chicano because then all the other Chicanos will be on you with a vengeance. They will even fight each to be first in line to support you. It’s not a category that appears on any U. S. Census survey. You can check White, AfricanAmerican, Native-American, Asian, Pacific Islander and even Hispanic (which Chicanos hate). But there is no little box you can check that says Chicano. However, you can get a Ph. D. in Chicano Studies from Harvard and a multitude of other universities. You can cash retirement checks from those same prestigious universities after having taught Chicano Studies for 20 years, but there still no official recognition from the government. No wonder Chicanos are confused. So where did the word Chicano come from? Again, no two Chicanos can agree, so here is my definition what I think. In true Chicano fashion, this should be the official version. The word â€Å"Chicano† was originally a derisive term from Mexicans to other Mexicans living in the United States. The concept was that those Mexicans living in the U. S. were no longer truly Mexicanos because they had given up their country by living in Houston, Los Angeles, â€Å"Guada La Habra,† or some other city. They were now something else and something less. Little satellite Mexicans living in a foreign country. They were something small. They were chicos. They were now Chicanos. If you lived near the U. S. -Mexican border, the term was more or less an insult, but always some kind of insult. In the early days, the connotation of calling someone a Chicano was that they were poor, illiterate, destitute people living in tin shacks along the border. As soon as they could get a car loan and could move farther away from the border, the term became less of an insult over the years. But the resentment still lingered. Some ask â€Å"Why can’t you people just all be Hispanic? † Same reason that all white people can’t just be called English. Just because you speak English or Spanish does not mean that you are one group. Hispanic is a census term that some dildo in a government office made up to include all Spanish-speaking brown people. It is especially annoying to Chicanos because it is a catch-all term that includes the Spanish conqueror. By definition, it favors European cultural invasion, not indigenous roots. It also includes all Latino groups, which brings us together because Hispanic annoys all Latino groups. Why? Because they’re Latino and it’s part of their nature. (Aren’t you glad you asked? ) So what is a â€Å"Latino? † (It’s like opening Pandora’s box, huh? ) â€Å"Latino† is refers to all Spanishspeaking people in the â€Å"New World† – South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, and Brazilians (even though they speak Portuguese). All those groups and their descendants living in the United States want to be called Latinos to recognize their Indian roots. Mexicans call it having the â€Å"Nopal† in their face, that prickly pear cactus with big flat leaves that Mexicans eat, revere, and think they look like. When you go to Mexico and walk down the street in Mexico City, it’s like walking through a Nopal cactus garden. Nopal is everywhere. For Latinos who don’t want to be so â€Å"Nopalese,† there’s always â€Å"Mexican-American. † Or the dreaded â€Å"Hispanic† that should only be used when faced with complete befuddlement from the person asking what you are. Because I am the only official version of what being Chicano is, I say Mexican-American is the politically correct middle ground between Hispanic and Chicano. Like in the song I wrote to be sung by a Chicano trying to be P. C. â€Å"Mexican-Americans; don’t like to just get into gang fights; they like flowers and music; and white girls named Debbie too. † All those names made it confusing for me growing up. I lived in an all-black neighborhood, followed by an all-white one, and other kids in the always called me Mexican in both neighborhoods. It never bothered me until one day I thought to myself â€Å"Hey, wait a minute, I’m not Mexican. † I’ve never even been to Mexico and I don’t speak Spanish. Sure, I eat Mexican food at family gatherings where all of the adults speak Spanish, but I eat Cheerios and pizza and hamburgers more. No, I’m definitely not a â€Å"Mexican. † Maybe I was â€Å"Mexican-ish,† just like some people were â€Å"Jew-ish. † These thoughts all ran through my mind when I chased down an alley by five young AfricanAmerican kids. â€Å"Yo, Messican! † they called out in their patois. I stopped in my tracks and spun around. â€Å"I’m not a Mexican! † I shouted defiantly. They stopped too, then stared at me. The leader spoke, â€Å"Fool! What you talking ‘bout? You Mexican as a taco. Look at you. † â€Å"No,†, I said. â€Å"To be a Mexican, you have to be from Mexico. You’re African-American. Are you from Africa? † â€Å"N–. You crazy. I’m from South-Central, just like you. † â€Å"That’s exactly what I’m talking about! † I said. â€Å"Did anybody knock on your door and ask you did you want to be African-American? † â€Å"Hell no! The social workers don’t even knock on our door, they too scared,† he said, cracking everyone up. â€Å"Then why you letting people call you whatever they want? What do you want to be called? † I asked. He looked at the others, thought about it for a few seconds and then said proudly, â€Å"I’m a Blood. † â€Å"Ooo-kay,† I said making it up as I went along. â€Å"Then you’re a Blood-American. † That seemed to go over well. They all nodded. â€Å"Yeah, we Blood-American. † â€Å"Well, then go out and be the best Blood-Americans that you can be. Peace, brothers, I got to blow. † I walked away and so did they. Self-identification saved the day. Yet, I still was dissatisfied with what I wanted to call myself. When I got home, there was a party going on. A bunch of relatives had come over for dinner and everybody was sitting around gabbing and drinking beer. My Uncle Rudy was in the middle of a story: â€Å"So, I took the car into the dealer and he said, ‘Yeah, the repairs gonna run you about $250. ’ Two-fifty? Estas loco? Hell, just give me a pair of pliers and some tin foil. I’ll fix it – I’m a Chicano mechanic. Two-fifty, mis nalgas. † And that was the defining epiphany. A Chicano was someone who could do anything. A Chicano was someone who wasn’t going to get ripped off. He was Uncle Rudy. He was industrious, inventive, and he wants another beer. So I got my Uncle Rudy another beer because, on that day, he showed me that I was a Chicano. Hispanic my ass, I’ve been a Chicano ever since. Cheech Marin, Originally published in the Huffington Post. This is the first article in a three-part series on â€Å"What is a Chicano† by actor, director, and art advocate Cheech Marin. II. The Study of Chicana/o Rodolfo F. Acuna, â€Å"Chicana/o Studies: What are they? ,† October 2010 It has been forty years since the first Chicano Studies programs were initiated on campuses throughout the United States. This accomplishment is a tribute to the tenacity of less than a couple of hundred students who were concerned about the failure of the schools to educate Mexican American students, pointing to the horrendous dropout rate in the public schools. Since then few scholars of any race have examined this historic phenomenon, treating CHS just like any other product of the sixties, forgetting how and why they came about. In many cases it has become the preoccupation of many Chicana/o faculty members to prove their legitimacy. It is not uncommon for them to claim this legitimacy by arguing that Chicana/o studies is a content field distinguishing CHS programs from service departments and pedagogical fields such as education. Every wave of scholars for the past forty years has ignored important epistemological questions. Because of this, we have to suffer through a rash of conferences rehashing movement events without dealing with the genesis of individual programs or the nature of CHS. Instead of probing how and why CHS came about, we theorize what it is and avoid an epistemological understanding. Few scholars have attempted to answer why the development of CHS has been so uneven. They have not dealt with basic questions such as the historical differences within southwest states themselves. For instance, Texas and California are often as different as the disparate Central American nationalities. Population and modes of production in these states differ; even within the states, there are the distinctions (e. g. , northern and southern California, El Paso, the Rio Grande Valley, and San Antonio). Under the sway of the elitism of the academy, many CHS scholars claim that CHS is a content field. They claim that they are just as rigorous as the other disciplines. It is common in academe for the hard sciences to occupy the top of the pyramid, followed by the social sciences, the humanities, and the arts with education occupying the lowest step—research rules, not teaching. In academe, rarely are teaching methods discussed. Methods more often refer to research methods. Within this logic quantitative techniques trump qualitative evidence. Similarly, research institutions trump teaching colleges with the state rewarding researchers more generously. The teaching load at research and teaching institutions is distinguished by the actual time devoted to teaching. Professors at research institutions teach lighter loads, get more sabbatical time, and get more grants to fund research. This pecking order has influenced the development of the disparate programs. For instance, it has only been until recently that the Chicana/o studies department at California State University at Northridge has been able to attract Chicanas or Chicanos with doctorates from tier one institutions. I have spoken to Chicanas/os who professed their commitment to the revolution who said they had not gotten a PhD to work the same hours as a high school teacher. This attitude was common to Chicanas/os across the board, regardless of gender or whether they were Marxists, feminists, or nationalists, and it profoundly affected the development of what is today called Chicana/o studies. In considering outcome, it would have been important to define and debate teaching methods. My first proposition is that there is a difference between Chicana/o studies programs that are defined by a curriculum rather than an individual course in the traditional disciplines. For instance, Chicana/o history is not Chicana/o studies, it is a field within the discipline of history where common historical methods are used to research, study, and teach that corpus of knowledge of Mexican American people. In the same vein, Chicana/o literature does not study, research, or teach CHS but it is a field within the discipline of literature. My second proposition is that Chicana/o studies are not defined by content, but rather they are bound together by a pedagogy that defines their purpose. It is the foundation used to motivate and teach Latina/o students. The content is an important motivational tool to inspire students to learn and to correct the negative self-images that have come about through the process of colonialism. This is not unique to Mexican Americans. The national question raged in Europe during the latter part of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Hence, content fields studying CHS should have developed within the context of a pedagogy, which should have given it a sense of purpose. Other than perhaps at California State Northridge, the focus has been on the development of content fields. Little integration has taken place. There has been an artificial pursuit of finding a common research methodology which is almost impossible. It is not enough to say that a multidiscipline approach is part of its course of study. A more natural linking is pedagogy. In struggling toward an identity for Chicana/o studies, I have tried to convey this particular vision to colleagues. However, they often ignore me and I am certain that they write it off as cada loco con su tema (every madman to his own opinion). I did not find much of an audience until I came into contact with La Raza Studies program at the Tucson Unified School District. Today Chicana/o studies is under attack by conservatives and neo-Nazis who say that it is unpatriotic because it teaches about Mexicans and emphasizes teaching methodology using the principles of Paulo Freire, John Dewey, and Edwin Fenton— rejecting the model that students should be warehoused. This flies in the face of the goal of educating students. The Tucson outcome has been more than encouraging. Currently, Latino and African American males have the lowest third grade reading test scores in the nation. The Latino high school dropout rate nationwide hovers around 56 percent, higher if the dropout from middle school to high school is included. Only about 24 percent of graduating Latinos go on to college, mostly to community colleges. Tucson’s Unified School Districts Ethnic Studies and Mexican American Studies programs has reversed these trends. The dropout rate in this program is 2. 5 percent. Students in the program significantly outperform their peers on the states standardized AIMS tests and 66 percent of these students go on to college. This semester the program is offering 43 sections and serves 1500 students in six TUSD high schools, with similar programs at the middle and elementary school levels. â€Å"The classes are designed to be culturally relevant – to help the students see themselves in the curriculum and make them see why education is important for them. If they see themselves in the educational literature, they find more reasons to read and write, to research and draw conclusions. † Central to La Raza Studies is the use of critical theory which essentially means that they use the Socratic Method, a powerful, teaching tactic for fostering critical thinking. It focuses on giving students questions, not answers. It has been used in the better law schools to prepare American law students for Socratic questioning. Apparently, critical thinking threatens many white Americans who do not want Mexicans questioning their version of the truth. In the late 1960s, California Superintendent of Schools Max Rafferty called a reform movement advocating a similar inquiry method of teaching social science subversive because it taught students to question. Logically, Americans should be elated that Mexicans are learning and are motivated to go to college. So why are they trying to eliminate it? The truth be told, they don’t want Mexicans to succeed. They want them to live up to the stereotype and to be subservient. They don’t want competition for higher paying jobs; they don’t want to endanger their poorly paid reserve labor pool. People in La Raza Studies are serious about their pedagogy. This past July they held the 12th Annual Institute for Transformative Education in partnership with the University Of Arizona School Of Education. The institutes feature educators from across the United States. http://www. tusd. k12. az. us/contents/depart/mexicanam/index. asp . The presenters and the participants are multiracial, (e.g. , scholars such as Pedro A. Noguera, Executive Director, Metropolitan Center for Urban Education New York University, and Angela Valenzuela, University of Texas Austin). Their focus is to improve teaching effectiveness. For the past forty years, every reform measure that involves better teaching has been shot down by the American electorate—bilingual education, affirmative action, racial integration, smaller class sizes, etc. Even though programs such as La Raza Studies prove that programs work when they are properly thought out and supported, a pretext is almost always found to eliminate them. Americans want to continue the same old blame game. In the 1920s they blamed Mexican culture and sought to Americanize Mexican American youth. In the sixties they blamed the parents, the Mexican family. Today they are blaming the teachers. The bottom line is that the United States has effectively saved trillions of dollars in capital by draining professionals trained from other countries; at the same time, it outsources well-paying technical jobs and production to poor countries. The United States does not need an educated workforce. It goes back to â€Å"why educate Mexicans, who’s going to pick our crops? † Rather than educating Latinos, the solution is to not educate them, but to build more prisons. Keep them south of the border, and if we need them, rent them, like we do U-hauls. III. They speak†¦. What is a Chicano? http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=v8npwn61ZXk I Am Joaquin part one of two: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=U6M6qOG2O-o Read the following articles on identity Finding Identity Within the Chicano Movement http://voices. yahoo. com/finding-identity-within-chicano-movement-6695464. html Chicano Identity in Literature http://www. enotes. com/chicano-identity-literature-93-salem/chicano-identity-literature Dr. David Sanchez [Moderator], â€Å"The Word Latino excludes the Native American,† Mexican American University (December 9, 2005) http://www. mexicanamericanuniversity. com/forum/view. php? site=mexicanamericanunive rsitycombn=mexicanamericanuniversitycom_mauforum2key=1126577705 What does the author say about identity? Do you agree, why or why not? IV. Where Latinos Live A map of America’s Hispanic population, county by county. By Nick McClellan|Posted Monday, July 9, 2012, at 6:36 AM ET http://www. slate. com/articles/news_and_politics/map_of_the_week/2012/07/map_of_america_s _hispanic_population_county_by_county. html Seth Motel and Eileen Patten, â€Å"Characteristics of the 60 Largest Metropolitan Areas by Hispanic Population,† Pew Hispanic Center, September 19, 2012 http://www. pewhispanic. org/2012/09/19/characteristics-of-the-60-largest-metropolitan-areas-byhispanic-population/ Jeffrey Passel and D’Vera Cohn, â€Å"Unauthorized Immigrants: 11. 1 Million in 2011,† Pew Hispanic Center, December 6, 2012, http://www. pewhispanic. org/2012/12/06/unauthorized-immigrants-11-1-million-in- 2011/ Jeffrey Passel and D’Vera Cohn, â€Å"How Many Hispanics? Comparing Census Counts and Census Estimates,† Pew Hispanic Center, March 15, 2011 http://www. pewhispanic. org/2011/03/15/how-many-hispanics-comparing-census-counts-andcensus-estimates/ Jeffrey Passel, D’Vera Cohn and Mark Hugo Lopez, â€Å"Hispanics Account for More than Half of Nations Growth in Past Decade:Census 2010: 50 Million Latinos,† Pew Hispanic Center,† March 24, 2011 http://www. pewhispanic. org/2011/03/24/hispanics-account-for-more-than-half-of-nationsgrowth-in-past-decade/ Seth Motel and Eileen Patten, â€Å"The 10 Largest Hispanic Origin Groups: Characteristics, Rankings, Top Counties,† Pew Hispanic Center, July 12, 2012 http://www. pewhispanic. org/2012/06/27/the-10-largest-hispanic-origin-groups-characteristicsrankings-top-counties/ Seth Motel and Eileen Patten, â€Å"Statistical Profile, Hispanics of Mexican Origin in the United States, 2010,† Pew Hispanic Center,† June 27, 2012 http://www. pewhispanic. org/2012/06/27/hispanics-of-mexican-origin-in-the-united-states-2010/ V. Art and the Chicana/o How do the arts express identity? See: Art and Ethnic Politics, http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ejymct6ipMQfeature=related Exploration with Painter Malaquias Montoya, http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=3zRxSnDVKVgNR=1 http://www. youtube. com /watch? v=NGuD8wD2Bl8feature=relmfu Latino art Latino artist videos and articles at Latinopia. com http://latinopia. com/category/latino-art/ JUDY BACA – IN HER OWN WORDS http://latinopia. com/latino-art/judy-baca/ HARRY GAMBOA, JR. – IN HIS OWN WORDS http://latinopia. com/category/latino-history/latinopia-event/VI. Epistemology Students always ask why scholars differ in their interpretations of history. The answer is that they often arrive at different conclusions from how they derived their knowledge. For example, the debate over creation: A person basing his or her knowledge on faith may reach a different conclusion than one basing it on science. A recent article in the Smithsonian Magazine demonstrates this. In Simon Baatz, â€Å"Leopold and Loebs Criminal Minds,† Smithsonian magazine, August 2008, http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-archaeology/criminalminds. html the author retells the story of the famous Leopold and Loeb trial where two teenage friends killed a 10 year old boy because they wanted to commit the perfect crime. The following from the Baatz article cited above; the whole article can be obtained by clicking on to the Smithsonian link above. How do you think this piece pertains to the class? The question of who was to blame for the Mexican Texas and Mexican American Wars involves different interpretations. A majority of Americans and a host of American historians blame Mexico. Because I have taken the opposite view some historians have attacked me. But what it comes down to is Faith versus the documents. See http://www. tamu. edu/ccbn/dewitt/dewitt. htm for a host of primary documents dealing with both. The question in the Smithsonian article would be how and why did the psychiatrist differ? The answer sheds light on the Mexican American War. Mini Course Module II Mexico Pre-1821 Required: Text: Rodolfo F. Acuna, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (New York: Pearson, 2014), Chapters 1 and 2. Reader: Rodolfo F. Acuna, ed. , Guadalupe Compean ed. , Voices of the U. S. Latino Experience [Three Volumes] (Santa Barbara: ABC CLIO Books, 2008). Do not buy the book (too expensive); access the E-Book through your university library. I. The hybridization of Mexico â€Å"The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved its independence early in the 19th century. The global financial crisis beginning in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn the following year, although growth returned quickly in 2010. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern states. The elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON. National elections, including the presidential election, are scheduled for 1 July 2012. Since 2007, Mexicos powerful drug-trafficking organizations have engaged in bloody feuding, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides. † CIA Factbook Modern Day Mexico †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Ethnic groups: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1% Languages: Spanish only 92. 7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5. 7%, indigenous only 0. 8%, unspecified 0. 8%. Note: indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages (2005). Religions: Roman Catholic 76. 5%, Protestant 5. 2% (Pentecostal 1. 4%, other 3. 8%), Jehovahs Witnesses 1. 1%, other 0. 3%, unspecified 13. 8%, none 3. 1% (2000 census) Population: 114,975,406 (July 2012 est. ) country comparison to the world: 11 Source: CIA Factbook https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/mx. html The United States In contrast the United States is †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Ethnic groups: white 79. 96%, black 12. 85%, Asian 4. 43%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0. 97%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0. 18%, two or more races 1. 61% (July 2007 estimate) note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc. ); about 15. 1% of the total US population is Hispanic Languages: English 82. 1%, Spanish 10. 7%, other Indo-European 3. 8%, Asian and Pacific island 2. 7%, other 0. 7% (2000 census) Note: Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii Religions: Protestant 51. 3%, Roman Catholic 23. 9%, Mormon 1. 7%, other Christian 1. 6%, Jewish 1. 7%, Buddhist 0. 7%, Muslim 0. 6%, other or unspecified 2. 5%, unaffiliated 12. 1%, none 4% (2007 est. ) Population: 313,847,465 (July 2012 est. ) country comparison to the world. 3 Source: CIA The World Fact Book, https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us. html Why do they say Mexico is a hybrid nation and not the United States? II. Mesoamerica.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Quorum Sensing And Its Importance To Biotechnology

Quorum Sensing And Its Importance To Biotechnology Quorum sensing offers potential to create engineered bacteria capable of invading cancer cells. It is possible to envision the creation of novel anti-cancer therapeutics by the addition of cancer-destructing modules to these microbial biosensors. Another application of QS and quorum quenching lies in the creation of transgenic plants that are able to defend themselves against common bacterial pathogens. It plays a main role in controlling a diversity of microbial cell activities, such as biofilm formation and virulence that considerably impact human health, agriculture, and commercial production and transport systems. Quorum sensing is cell-to-cell communication in bacteria have ability to control development, sporulation, and antibiotic synthesis also virulence factor induction, cell differentiation, moreover nutrient flux along with extra physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections. Scientists now a days creating more possible benefits from quorum sensing and off course there is lots of potential development for advancement in 2011ranging from marine to human disorders. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Several unicellular microorganisms use smallsignaling molecules to find out their local concentration. The processes involved in the production and recognitionof these signals are generally known as quorum sensing (QS). Unicellular microorganisms to manage their activities use this kind of cell-to-cell communication, which allows them to work as multi-cellular systems. Newly, several groups have confirmed artificial intraspeciesand inter-species communication through synthetic circuits, which incorporate components of bacterial QSsystems. Engineered QS-based circuits have a broad range of applications such as production of biochemicals, tissueengineering, also mixed-species fermentations. They are also extremely useful in designing microbial biosensors toidentify bacterial species present in the environment andinside living organisms. In this articlethe different ways inwhich researchers have designed QS-based circuits andtheir applications in biotechnology are explained. A decade ago, the secretion and perception of minorsignalling molecules that in turn are transduced tocoordinate behavior of a smallest unit of microorganisms was named quorum sensing by EP Greenberg with colleagues. Ever since then, an exponential growth in understanding and occurrence of quorum-sensing systemshas developed, with sightings ranging from virulence inhuman along with plant pathogens to degradative capacity ofactivated sludge. Not amazingly, regulatory mechanisms span traditional inducer/repressor motifs homologous to thelac operon to the newly discovered interfering RNAs.Advance characterization of signalling circuits, coupled with creative position applications, propose a wealth of prospects for advancing commercial biotechnology(reviewed by John C March and William E Bentley 2004). Researchers in biotechnology continuously seek new platforms from which to address problems: manifesto that, in a broad sense, improve efficacy, while maintaining or intensifying specificity. Most freshly, microbial quorum sensing has emerged as such a technology. Because microbial communities absorb a small space, concentrations of extracellular signalling molecules build up, providing motivation for unique and various cellular responses along with protection from rival microbial communities. Referred to as quorum sensing for its regularly reported and concurrent dependence on high population density (Joyce EA et al 2004), extracellular signalinggives a novel basis for control over molecular also cellular processes along with population behaviour, possibly in a manner more reliable with that of native physiology. Quorum sensing might be the base upon which the more complicated intracellular communication found in advanced level organisms has evolved. Defining quorum sensing Quorum Sensing considered a signalling molecule, a compound has to result a reaction in a population of cells that is different from the approach in which the cells would perform independently. There are two types of quorum sensing: species- specific and interspecies. Species-specific quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria is intercede by acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) with numerous moieties distinguishing signals between species (Fuqua C, Parsek MR, Greenberg EP 2001). In Gram- positive bacteria, species-specific quorum sensing is generallyassist through small peptides Figure1.Structure of bacterial Quurom sensing signals. Gram-negative bacteria like V.Fischeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa use acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signals. The structure of mature AIP-I (from Staphylococcus aureus) is shown as a representative of the translationally derived auto-inducing peptides (AIPs) used by Gram-positive bacteria as signals for QS.Source- Functions of quorum sensing Quorum sensing is supposed to control ability development, sporulation, and antibiotic synthesis also virulence factor induction, cell differentiation, and nutrient flux along with extra physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections (Cvitkovitch DGGreenberg EP,Yarwood JM,2003).More lately, quorum sensing was connected through proteomic analysis to increased pathogenic ability in tubercular strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Arevalo-Ferro C, et all 2004) Webb and co-workers (Webb JS, et al 2003), reviewed work on programmed cell death plusmicro colony differentiation in biofilms. As biofilms age, cellular differentiation and death improve nutrient sequestration and allow for bio- film sustenance when nutrients become limited. Though the functions of cell differentiation and programmed cell death are actually at odds, they can be described as an evolutionary progressionthat allows biofilms of prokaryotes to perform and adapt as multiceewllular organisms, a behavior that emerges to be matched through quorum sensing (Webb JS, et al 2003). CHAPTER 2 Applications of Quorum sensing in biotechnology Components of bacterial QS systems form an important part of many artificial genetic circuits that control phenomena such as bistable behavior, pulse response, spatio-temporal control of gene expression, and population control (Purnick and Weiss 2009). In this section, the applications of engineered QS systems for the production of biochemicals, tissue engineering, and mixed- species fermentations are highlighted (Fig. 2). Detailed explanation ofcurrent progress in building QS-based microbial biosensors and QS-based biocontrol are given. Lastly, discussion of QS inhibition as a viable strategy for the decline of biofouling is given. Also different applications of QS in biotechnology are given. Engineered Quorum Sensing systems The promisingfield of synthetic biology seeks to generatenovel biological systems by applying the fundamental engineering principles of standardization and hierarchical abstraction to GE engineering (Purnick and Weiss 2009). This method allows designers to build and optimize compound genetic circuits that perform new functions, such as DNA-damage-induced biofilm formation and preservation of synthetic ecosystems (Balagadde et al. 2008; Kobayashi et al. 2004). Various genetic modules can be included into complex gene networks also called genetic systems or devicesusing a plug-and-play strategy (Kobayashi et al. 2004). These gene networks are then commenced into a well-characterized, steady host cell known as a chassis, which supplies the essential raw materials and support machinery. Operation of the artificial genetic device imparts new functionalities to the host and makes a microbial cell factory that is capable of performing preferred tasks. Autoinducers are very useful as input signals as they are little, diffuse freely in aqueous media, and are simply taken up through cells. As the engineered cells synthesize QS signals by themselves, they are able to watch their own cell density with modulate their activities appropriately, thereby falling the need for outerprotection(Brenner et al. 2007). Scientists have devised QS-inducible mammalian genetic circuits by mixing bacterial QS receptors with either a eukaryotic transactivation domain or with a eukaryotic transcription repressor domain (reviwed from Neddermann et al. 2003; Weber and Fussenegger 2009; Weber et al. 2005; Weber et al. 2003; Williams et al. 2004).These synthetic gene regulation systems will have functions in drug discovery, tissue engineering, and also industrial production of biochemicalsduring mammalian cell culture. Consumption of a bistable switch module gives a pointed(ON or OFF) or binary profile of aim gene expression depending on the store concentration. Engineered QS systems including bistable switches are probable to be extremely useful in industrial production of toxic gene products and in designing environmental biosensors. Scientistshave used components of the V. fischeri Quorum Sensing system to engineer spatio-temporally keeping up cell to cell communication in E. coli (Basu et al. 2004). Depending on the comparative distribution of Sender and Receiver cells in a 2-D matrix, different reporter formats such as bullseye, ellipse, oval, heart, and clover were formed. Moreexpansion of this research into programming spatial patterning in 3-D will have applications in biosensing, tissue engineering, plus fabrication of biomaterials. Quorum Sensing like cell-to-cell communication systems have also been developed by using metabolites, antibiotics, hormonesor volatile compounds to give signals to extract a cell-density dependent population-wide reactions (Bulter et al. 2004; Chen and Weiss 2005; Weber et al. 2007). The capacity to develop QS type communication systems using non-Quorum Sensing signals considerablygrows the design possibilities for genetic engineering systems. Through inserting the producing signal components in one species, and the receptor in another, scientists have engineered inter and intra-kingdom communications among bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammalian cells (Balagadde et al. 2008; Brenner et al. 2007; Weber et al. 2007). Depending on the planned synthetic communication device, relationships like predator-prey, commensalism, mutualism, amensalismand parasitism were producedamong the communicating species. Different from engineering inter-species communication, Quorum Sensing based genetic devices can control diverse features of mixed-species fermentations. Forcase, basedon QS population control circuits can be used to manage the cell densities of the contributing species (You et al. 2004). Based on QS gene-expression circuits can also be used to initiate expression of mark genes when the cell densities of contributing species reach a definite threshold (Brenner et al. 2007). At present, the majority of the engineered QS devices are built on Gram-negative AHL systems, which, as stated previously, are absolutely unreliable. Various applications of Quorum Sensing: Biosensors An interesting application of Quorum Sensing is in the engineering of whole cell microbial biosensors to distinguish pathogenic microbes present in the environment with diseased host organisms. Quorum Sensing have also been used to produce engineered bacteria capable of attacking cancer cells. It is probable to visualize the creation of new anti-cancer therapeutics by the addition of cancer-destructing elements to these microbial biosensors. Another function of QS and quorum quenching lies in the designing of transgenic plants that are able to protect themselves against general bacterial pathogens. Pathogen diagnostics and therapeutics The majority of the whole cell QS biosensors that have been explained so far recognize Gram-negative AHLs (Kumari et al. 2008; Steindler and Venturi 2007). A standard AHL biosensor contains an AHL responsive transcriptional regulator also a cognate promoter, which directs the transcription of a reporter gene. It has been recommended that QS signals only can be used as markers for the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in clinical and environmentalsamples. Thus, QS signals should not be engaged as the only inputs for microbial biosensors. However, Quorum sensing based amplification circuits can still be used to engineer biosensing circuits to find the occurrence of pathogenic microbes in contaminated groundwater products, dairy, and meat products. Upcoming design directions willinclude the formation of ingestible whole cell biosensors by launching QS-based bio- sensing devices into GRAS organisms such as lactic acid bacteria(Konings et al. 2000). Such diagnostic biosensors would be muc h useful in identifying the existence of pathogens in the gut micro flora. So collecting these resultsbring up the exciting possibility that future QS-based microbial biosensors may possibly not only detect pathogens, but also increase a concerted reaction against them. Cancer detection The P. aeruginosa Quorum Sensing signal 3-oxo-C12- HSL reduces proliferation alsoinduceapoptosis breast cancer cell lines in human(Li et al. 2004). Biocontrol The rhizosphere is a limited region of soil that surroundings a plants roots and is affected by secretions from the root also soil microbes in the vicinity. Quorum sensing bacteria form amain component of the rhizosphere community. Scientists have also engaged quorum-quenching enzymes to decrease bacterial virulence against plants. This researchproposes that engineering the production also secretion of quorum- quenching enzymes into plants and plant-associated microbes can also serve as a crop protection plan. Though, QS systems also controlnecessary functions in useful rhizosphere bacteria, as well as biofilm formation, antibiotic production, and nitrogen fixation (Muller et al. 2009; Sanchez-Contreras et al. 2007). More research is therefore essential to understand the promising effects of quorum quenching on plant biochemical pathways. In brief, while quorum quenching is an attractive approach for biocontrol, more research isessential to demonstrate its safety and efficacy. Prevention of biofouling Biofouling is the increase of bacteria, algae;also animals like protozoans and crustaceans on surfaces that prolonged contact with water. Biofouling can happen on surfaces as assorted as pipes, tanks, ship hull, membrane bioreactors, medical or dental implants, and catheters. This unwantedgrowth of living organisms and their secretions lead to contamination, colonization, also corrosion of machine parts expose to water and reduce machine efficiency. Incorporation of Quorum Sensing inhibitors on the device surface is a possible strategy for declining P. aeruginosa biofouling of surgical implants. QS inhibition may be used to givedefense against many pathogens that rely on QS to start biofilm development. Recombinant gene expression Possibly one of the exciting areas for research in quorum sensing is the synthesis of recombinant gene products withmetabolic engineering. Quorum sensing has been used to control gene expression and cellular growth. Brief reviews by Toniatti et al. (Toniatti C, et al 2004) discusssome of the progress in control of gene expression through the perceptions of possible gene therapy applications. Pathogen/pest management Pathogen and pest (i.e. some organism whose existence in a specific environment is undesirable) management include most of the present applications of quorum-sensing technology. Inhibition of quorum signalling is theevident and, in practice, most appreciated application of quorum-sensing knowledge. CHAPTER 3 New technologies in Quorum Sensing The discovery of antibiotics early in the past century marked the beginning of active control and prevention of infectious microbial diseases. However, extensive use of antibiotics has also unavoidably resulted in the emergence of superbugs that resist conventional antibiotics. The finding that many pathogens rely on cell-to-cell communication mechanisms, known as quorum sensing, to synchronize microbial activities essential for infection and survival in the host suggests a promising disease control strategy, i.e. quenching microbial quorum sensing or in short, quorum quenching. Work over the past few years has demonstrated that quorum-quenching mechanisms are widely conserved in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These naturally occurring quorum-quenching mechanisms appear to play important roles in microbe-microbe and pathogen-host interactions and have been used, or served as lead compounds, in developing and formulating a new generation of antimicrobials. An advance study of bacterial quorum sensing process can facilitate development of novel technologies intended at interfering with bacterial communication and virulence. The term quorum sensing explains the capability of a microorganism to recognize and response to diffusible signal molecules. Bacterial cells sense their inhabitants density by a complicated cell-to-cell communication system also triggers expression of exact genes. Quorum sensing in Seaweeds Explaining this title, the quorum sensing is wider spread among bacterial population then was previously thought, in Gram positive, Gram-negative bacterial communication. Followed by this numerous researchers have concluded that in Gram negative bacteria acyl-homoserine lactone is dependable for the cell to cell communication system. In gram-positive bacteria peptide and derivative peptide based signaling molecules appear to be the main mode of communication. Throughout high cell density the marine bacteria can produce enzymes, surfactants, toxins, antibiotics by the chemical signal communication. Marine epibiotic bacteria are also identified to produce compounds active beside drug resistant hospital pathogen by the cross species induction process. Austin described in building on assays (Billaud and Austin 1990) a screening method has been developed in which marine bacteria are confront by exposing them to terrestrial bacteria prior to assay of antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, in currentstudies it is proposed to search the abilities of seaweed epibiotic bacterial organisms to createantibacterial compounds by quorum sensing. Theseconclusions have important consequences for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds from marine bacteria and might allow the growth of novelprocess for screening new compounds eff ective against multidrug resistant bacteria. CHAPTER 4 Conclusion Quorum Sensing plays a main role in controlling a diversity of microbial cell activities, like biofilm formation and virulence, that considerably impact human health, agriculture, marine, commercial manufacture and transport systems. As mentioned in above applications of QS there are many areas that are fully touched by QS method. Therefore, significant research efforts are needed to understanding Quorum Sensing and the growth of strategies to disrupt and influence Quorum Sensing. Our understanding of quorum-sensing mechanisms currently restricts applications for quorum sensing. Though there has been progress made in the use of quorum sensing, more understanding of quorum functionality is necessary before the control of this tool can be completely raised. However, the full-scale management of the bacterial quorum circuit in a biotechnological application yet to be an unconvinced goal. More studyand deep research is needed to uncover andthe details of QS in a diversity of microbial species, with Gram- positive bacterias and fungis. The task of QS in microbial populations, with Quorum Sensing crosstalk and signal specificity, is another significant area of research and study that will influence strategies to prevent biofilm formation and for biocontrol. Quorum sensing seems to be a distinctive example of how the exploitation of bacteria cell-to-cell communication in biotechnology can be used to significantly drive the growth and development of medicine, diagnosis tics, therapies and gene control. For sure, it will influence every part of biology, with novel research and technologies in science world.