Microeconomics: Elasticity Concept of Supply and Demand

Microeconomics: Elasticity Concept of Supply and Demand INTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS CONTENTS MICROENOMICS (Words: 2,744) 1.  ELASTICITY CONCEPT OF DEMAND SUPPLY Elasticity lets us know a lot of things about our demand and supply. Besides that, elasticity of demand lets us know what number of additional units of an item will be sold when the value is cut (or what number of fewer units will be sold when the value is increased). The degree to which a demand or supply curves responds to a change in value is the curve elasticity (Heakal, R., 2003). Reem Heakal (2003) expressed that items that are necessities are more incentive to price changes since purchasers might keep purchasing these items despite the increments of price. On the other hand, a price increase of a good or service that is recognized to a lesser degree need will stop more consumers since the chance expense of purchasing the item will get to be excessively high (Quant Lego, 2013). Elasticity is a concept of responsiveness of one or more economic variables to changes in an alternate set of one or more variables (Quant Lego, 2013). The way of this responsiveness and the genuine value of elasticity convey useful knowledge and information to comprehend the way of relationship among economic variables and take decisions to influence one economic variable under ones control to acquire a desired outcome about the quality of the other economic variable (Quant Lego, 2013). A good or service is acknowledged to be highly elastic if a slight change in value prompts to a sharp change in the amount demanded or supplied. Normally these sorts of items are promptly accessible in the business and an individual may not so much require them in his or her everyday life. O the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in value witness just modest changes in the amount demanded or supplied, if any whatsoever (Quant Lego, 2013). These products have a tendency to be things that are to a greater extent a need to the consumer in his or her everyday life. The elasticity of the supply or demand curves can be determined using the equation below: Elasticity = (% change in quantity / % change in price) According to Heakal, R. (2003), if elasticity is greater than or equal to one, the curve is considered to be elastic. If it is less than one, the curve is said to be inelastic. The demand curve is a negative slope as shown in Figure 1, and if there is a large decrease in the quantity demanded with a small increase in price, the demand curve looks flatter, or more horizontal. This flatter curve means that the good or service in question is elastic (Heakal, R., 2003). Figure 1Graph of elastic demand (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) Meanwhile, inelastic demand is represented with a much more upright curve as quantity changes little with a large movement in price as shown in Figure 2 (Heakal, R., 2003). Figure 2Graph of Inelastic demand (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) Elasticity of supply works similarly. According to Heakal, R. (2003), if a change in price results in a big change in the amount supplied, the supply curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Hence, elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Graph of elastic supply (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) On the other hand, if a big change in price only results in a minor change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is steeper and its elasticity would be less than one as shown in Figure 4 (Heakal, R., 2003). Figure 4Graph of inelastic supply (Source: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp) Elasticity, defined as a ratio of proportional or per cent changes, is necessarily dimensionless meaning that it is independent of units of measurement (Hodrick, L. S. (1999). For example, the value of the price elasticity of demand for gasoline would be the same whether prices were measured in dollars or francs, or quantities in tonnes or gallons. This unit-independence is the main reason why elasticity is so popular a measure of the responsiveness of economic behaviour (Hairies, L., 2005). 2.  PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY Hence, elasticity is a measure of exactly how much the amount demanded will be influenced by a change in value wage or change in price of related goods (Heakal, R., 2003). There are four sorts of elasticity, there are; price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply (Gachette, B., 2007). 2.1  Price Elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand analyses the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in price which is significant to know since then we know if it’s more beneficial to increase or decrease cost. In addition, price elasticity of demand help figure demand and help the firms choose about pricing in distinctive business portions. Monopolistic price discrimination might be practiced if the demand elasticity of distinctive business sector fragments is known/ assessed. Price elasticity of demand and supply helps to focus the feasible offering of the occurrence of a tax or a change in the tax rate (Das, S., 2005). Buoyancy in tax venues might be judged on the basis of income and price elasticity. This information is very useful for the economists included in providing estimates of tax revenue and proposes new taxes or changes in tax rates in the government (Das, S., 2005). 2.2  Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in wage this helps economists with classifying goods as substandard (the higher the income the lower the consumption) or normal (the higher the income the higher the consumption) (Das, S., 2005). Income elasticity of demand helps extend the interest for goods that a nation might require as the economy develops to higher and higher per capita wage levels. Demand for certain essential components of food are relatively inelastic after a certain level of income is reached. Thus, demand for cereals (for example, oats) is inelastic once the population has crossed the poverty line. But the demand for grains may at present increment through the demand for meat (as animals have to be reared on fodder grains). Such information helps long-term national planning. 2.3  Cross price elasticity of demand Cross price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in a competitors price this helps economists in comprehension if goods are complements (demand for one leads to demand for another) or substitutes (demand for one means less demand for another) (Das, S., 2005). Cross price elasticity also help pricing and marketing strategies keeping in view the effect of changes in cost of substitutes, complementary items and competing items in the same want fulfilling category. Publicizing using elasticity is essential to decide about advertising outlays and alternative advertising campaigns of organizations. 2.4  Price elasticity of supply Finally price elasticity of supply is the responsiveness regarding supply with a change in price which helps economists comprehend suppliers capacity to increase stocks for example agricultural goods producers have a low price elasticity of supply because if demand suddenly increases they have limited capacity to increase supply because of the long time it takes to produce this supply (Das, S., 2005). 3.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSUMER SURPLUS PRODUCER SURPLUS Customer and Producer surplus are two huge parts of matters of trade and profit particularly concerning marketing and pricing (Michigan State University, 2001). Customer Surplus is the cost above business sector value that you might be ready to pay or expressed diversely it is the maximum price that you might pay for a thing – the genuine price for that thing. Producer Surplus is basically the contrast between what a producers is willing and able to supply or offer an item for and what they get for it (Whfreeman, 2005). Simple example about consumer surplus, such as I-phone, let’s say that you willing to pay a maximum of RM2,500 but when you get to the store you discovered that the I-phone only cost you RM2,000 in which case you bought it and received a consumer surplus of RM 500; RM2,500 – RM2,000 = RM 500. Another example for producer surplus, take a company like Apple, let’s say that they would be willing to sell I-Pod for RM 200 and that is the absolute lowest they would willing to sell for but they manage to sell them for a price of RM 300 in this case the producer surplus is RM 100; RM 300 – RM 200 = RM100. When you observed those figures carefully, you’ll see that a basic economic principle in that the higher a product is priced the higher the producer surplus will be but the lower consumer surplus will, eventually if the seller keeps raising its prices then the consumer surplus will become 0 at the point the consumer will not want to purchase that product anymore (Whfreeman, 2005). Therefore, there are certain factors that need to be comprehended deeply in order to understand more about this consumer and producer surplus. Firstly is the law of demand. The law of demand stated that consumers will buy more of something (for example, sugar) when the price is falls or cheaper. Secondly is the law of supply. The law of supply stated that the higher the price of a product the more of it sellers are willing to supply. The premise of this comes essentially from producer surplus. Higher product price increases producer surplus thus they are willing to sell more of it because of the positive surplus (Michigan State University, 2001). The concepts of producer and consumer surplus help economists make welfare (normative) judgement about different methods of producing and distributing goods (Khan Academy, 2014). The differences between consumer and producer surplus are consumer surplus measures the gains to consumers from trade, whereas producer surplus measures the gains to producers from trade. Both consumer and producer surplus can measure a nation’s prosperity more accurately than GDP (gross domestic product). These concepts can help us to understand why markets are an efficient way to organize trade. Figure 5Graph of total surplus of Consumer and producer (e.g. books) (Source: Gachette, B. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics.) Based on the Graph of total surplus of consumer and producer as shown in Figure 5, both consumers and producers are better off because there is a market in this good, there are gains from trade. These gains from trade are the reason everyone is better off participating in a market economy than they would be if each individual tried to be self-sufficient. Consumer surplus is the difference between the value to buyers of a level of consumption of a good and the amount the buyers must pay to get that amount. Consumer surplus is the welfare consumers get from the good. Consumer surplus can be estimated from the demand curve for a good (Pepperdine University, 2010). The term producer’s surplus first shown up in A. Marshall’s Principle [11, p. 811, f.2], taking shape as the area between the competitive equilibrium price and the supply curve, a curve that slopes upwards as a result of placing the firms in order of diminishing efficiency as shown on figure 5. Marshall seems to stretch out the terms in order to comprehend all the surpluses a man determines as producer, including a â€Å"worker’s surplus† arising from the sale of his personal services and a â€Å"saver’s surplus† arising from the services of his capita (Mishan, E. J., 1968). 4.  EFFECTS OF ELASTICITY ON CONSUMER SURPLUS PRODUCER SURPLUS In economics, elasticity is the ratio of the proportional change in one variable with respect to proportional change in another variable (Gachette, B., 2007). Price elasticity, for example, is the sensitivity of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in prices. Elasticity is usually expressed as a negative number but shown as a positive percentage value. One typical application of the concept of elasticity is to consider what happens to consumer demand for a good (for example, apples) when prices increase. According to Gachette, B. (2007), as the price of a good rises, consumers will usually demand a lower quantity of that good, perhaps by consuming less, substituting other goods, and so on. The greater the extent to which demand falls as price rises, the greater the price elasticity of demand. However, there may be some goods that consumers require, cannot consume less of, and cannot find substitutes for even if prices rise (for example, certain prescription drugs). Another exampl e is oil and its derivatives such as gasoline. For such goods, the price elasticity of demand might be considered inelastic. Furthermore, elasticity will normally be different in the short term and the long term (Das, S., 2005). For example, for many goods the supply can be increased over time by locating alternative sources, investing in an expansion of production capacity, or developing competitive products which can substitute. One might therefore expect that the price elasticity of supply will be greater in the long term than the short term for such a good, that is, that supply can adjust to price changes to a greater degree over a longer time (Pepperdine University, 2010). This applies to the demand side as well. For example, if the price of petrol rises, consumers will find ways to conserve their use of the resource. However, some of these ways, like finding a more fuel-efficient car, take longer period of time. Thus, consumers may be less able to adapt to price shocks in the short term than in the long term (Hairies, L., 2005). However, there would be another effect of consumer surplus when the producer takes advantage of consumer surplus such as setting prices. In an organization (producers/ sellers) can identify groups of consumer within their market who are willing and able to pay different prices for the same product, then producers/sellers might engage in price discrimination. The price that the consumer willing to pay, thereby turning consumer surplus into extra revenue. This often happen in local fitness gym either in your area or other places whereby different fitness gym offers different prices with the same products. Another good example that can be seen the effect of consumer and producer surplus is the Airlines companies itself, such as Air Asia Airlines. Air Asia Airlines using their famous tagline â€Å"Now everyone can fly† is one of the cheapest and affordable prices Airlines in Asia. By extracting from consumers the price they are willing and able to pay for flying to different destinations are various times of the day, and exploiting variations in elasticity of demand for different types of passenger service. If you noticed that, often the price of tickets flights is cheaper when you book the flight earlier either weeks or months in advance. The airlines are prepared to sell tickets more cheaply then because they get the benefit of cash-flow at the same time making sure that each seat are being filled. The nearer the time to take off, the higher the price of the tickets flights. Thus, if a businessman is desperately to fly from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah to Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malay sia within 24 hour time, his or her demand is said to be price inelastic and the corresponding price for the ticket will be much higher. Therefore, this is one of the way Airlines such as Air Asia Airlines exploit their monopoly position by raising the prices in markets where demand is inelastic, at the same time extracting consumer surplus from buyers and increasing profit margin. 5.  SUMMARY In conclusion, elasticity is an important concept in understanding the incidence of indirect taxation, marginal concepts as they relate to the theory of the firm, distribution of wealth and different types of goods as they relate to the theory of consumer choice and. Elasticity is also significant in any discussion of welfare distribution, in particular consumer surplus, producer surplus, or government surplus. Furthermore, the concept of elasticity has an extraordinarily wide range of applications in economics. In particular, an understanding of elasticity is useful to understand the dynamic response of supply and demand in a market, in order to achieve an intended result or avoid unintended results. For example, a business considering a price increase might find that doing so lowers profits if demand is highly elastic, as sales would fall sharply. Similarly, a business considering a price cut might find that it does not increase sales, if demand for the product is price inelastic. Therefore, an economic signal is any piece of information that helps people makes better economic decisions. 6.REFERENCES Das, S. (2005) The Concept of Elasticity in Economics. Available at: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/~sdas/elasticity/broaderusage.htm (Accessed 20 February 2014). Gachette, B. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics. Available at: http://www.aiu.edu/publications/student/english/Principles%20of%20Microeconomics.html (Accessed 21 February 2014) Haines, L. (2005) Elasticity is Back: Oil and Gas Investor. Heakal, R. (2003). Economics Basics: Elasticity. Investopedia Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp (Accessed 21 February 2014). Hodrick, L. S. (1999) Does Price Elasticity Affect Corporate Financial Decisions? Journal of Financial Economics. Mishan, E. J. (1968). What is Producer Surplus? The American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 5. Khan Academy (2014) Consumer Producer Surplus. Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/consumer-producer-surplus (Accessed 20 February 2014). Michigan State University (2001) Consumer and Producer Surplus. Available at: https://www.msu.edu/course/ec/201/brown/pim/pdffiles98/csps98.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2014). Pepperdine University (2010) Chapter 4: Surplus and Efficiency. Available at: http://faculty.pepperdine.edu/jburke2/ba210/PowerP1/Ch4.ppt (Accessed 20 February 2014). Quant Lego (2013) Economics Basics: A Tutorial. Building Blocks For Financial Quant Skills. Available at: http://www.quantlego.com/knowledge/economics-basics-tutorial/5/ (Accessed 21 February 2014). Whfreeman (2005) Chapter 6: Consumer and Producer Surplus. Available at: http://www.whfreeman.com/college/pdfs/krugman_canadian/CH06.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2014).

Obesity In the U.S. Essay -- essays research papers

Obesity in the U.S. Subject Sentence: Obesity in general has become a major concern in the U.S. Mainly because of three major factors dealing with obesity how quickly it became a problem, the U.S. being the most overweight nation, and the increased health risks. Introduction: Are you overweight? Do have a little junk in the trunk? To answer these questions either you or someone you know has a problem with obesity. This has come to be a problem of epidemic proportions in the U.S. Body: I) To begin how is that obesity has become such a major problem in our country. A) One being the fact that we are the most agriculturally advanced nation. And unhealthy foods are so easily accessible with drive thrus and promotions of products in grocery stores. B) Unhealthy foods such as fast food have become easy, cheap, accessible, and convenient and that is what everyone wants convenience. C) And in response some fast food chains have now come up with ideas to keep their customers and have them eat healthier. Now fast food restaurants now serve personal size salads and other healthier alternatives and carbohydrate counting menus. II) Another reason for the U.S. obesity problem is that we are the most overweight nation in the world. A) People have been sacrificing healthy food for fast food and microwaveable meals. We and people in general do all if this is for the sake of less hassle and more convenience to parents for themselves and children this world is now becoming more and m...

I Stand Here Ironing

These events had to do with Email's father align out on them, Emily having to go to daycare In her early years, and also self esteem Issues from not looking Like the other girls In school. The central Idea In this story seems to be the mother's search of an understanding of her daughter's personality and outlook on life. The majority of the story Is the mother trying to depict reasons for why her daughter is the way she is, so delicate, reserved, needless, and even unhappy at times.She seems to also defend her parenting choices by making excuses or blaming the urges of others in order to not have all the blame on her. She peaks about how she had no other option but to put her in the care of someone else at the age of two, even though she knew the teacher was â€Å"evil† (Peg. 925). â€Å"It was the only place there was†¦ The only way I could hold a Job† (peg. 925). The main conflict in the story is internal, the mother vs.. Herself. I would also say there is a slig ht conflict of Emily vs.. Herself and an external conflict of the mother vs..Emily. The mother defiantly had and internal conflict within herself with her decisions and how things could have been done differently while raising her daughter. The conflict reface real early in the story, when the mother goes to say, â€Å"Or will I be engulfed with all that I did or did not do, with what should have been and what cannot be helped. † (peg. 924) During the story the mother expresses regrets and seems to be, in a way, tormented by her parenting decisions because she can easily recall every moment in Emily childhood.Clearly the mother had a deep love and concern for her daughter. In the end, the mother's conflict within herself is resolved. She states, † Let her be. There is still enough to live by†¦ Only help her to know-that she Is more Han this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the Iron† (Peggy). The mother has decided that what has been done cannot be changed, and does not want to spend any more time dwelling on It. Just let her be, she will be fine. The conflict of the mother vs.. Resell and the central Idea of the mother trying to explain why her daughter Is the way she Is are both related In that they are both based on how the mother has raised her daughter. I enjoyed this story; I think the mother shouldn't be so hard on herself because parenting Is not a skill that can be mastered to perfection. I Stand Here Ironing By sensationalism Tillie Olsen. In the story, a mother of a nineteen-year-old girl named Emily is ironing some clothes, as she is pondering a recent message she received from one of Emily The mother begins to think back to the very beginning of Emily life.She starts stating all the various events that took place in Emily life that could have played a role in why Emily is the way she is now. These events had to do with Emily father walking out on them, Emily having to go to daycare in her early years, and also sel f esteem issues from not looking like the other girls in school. The central idea in personality and outlook on life. The majority of the story is the mother trying to depict Let her be. There is still enough to live by†¦Only help her to know-that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron† (Peggy). The mother spend any more time dwelling on it. Just let her be, she will be fine. The mother vs.. Herself and the central idea of the mother trying to explain why her daughter is the way she is are both related in that they are both based on how the mother has raised her daughter. I enjoyed this story; I think the mother shouldn't be so hard on herself because parenting is not a skill that can be mastered to I Stand Here Ironing These events had to do with Email's father align out on them, Emily having to go to daycare In her early years, and also self esteem Issues from not looking Like the other girls In school. The central Idea In this story seems to be the mother's search of an understanding of her daughter's personality and outlook on life. The majority of the story Is the mother trying to depict reasons for why her daughter is the way she is, so delicate, reserved, needless, and even unhappy at times.She seems to also defend her parenting choices by making excuses or blaming the urges of others in order to not have all the blame on her. She peaks about how she had no other option but to put her in the care of someone else at the age of two, even though she knew the teacher was â€Å"evil† (Peg. 925). â€Å"It was the only place there was†¦ The only way I could hold a Job† (peg. 925). The main conflict in the story is internal, the mother vs.. Herself. I would also say there is a slig ht conflict of Emily vs.. Herself and an external conflict of the mother vs..Emily. The mother defiantly had and internal conflict within herself with her decisions and how things could have been done differently while raising her daughter. The conflict reface real early in the story, when the mother goes to say, â€Å"Or will I be engulfed with all that I did or did not do, with what should have been and what cannot be helped. † (peg. 924) During the story the mother expresses regrets and seems to be, in a way, tormented by her parenting decisions because she can easily recall every moment in Emily childhood.Clearly the mother had a deep love and concern for her daughter. In the end, the mother's conflict within herself is resolved. She states, † Let her be. There is still enough to live by†¦ Only help her to know-that she Is more Han this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the Iron† (Peggy). The mother has decided that what has been done cannot be changed, and does not want to spend any more time dwelling on It. Just let her be, she will be fine. The conflict of the mother vs.. Resell and the central Idea of the mother trying to explain why her daughter Is the way she Is are both related In that they are both based on how the mother has raised her daughter. I enjoyed this story; I think the mother shouldn't be so hard on herself because parenting Is not a skill that can be mastered to perfection. I Stand Here Ironing By sensationalism Tillie Olsen. In the story, a mother of a nineteen-year-old girl named Emily is ironing some clothes, as she is pondering a recent message she received from one of Emily The mother begins to think back to the very beginning of Emily life.She starts stating all the various events that took place in Emily life that could have played a role in why Emily is the way she is now. These events had to do with Emily father walking out on them, Emily having to go to daycare in her early years, and also sel f esteem issues from not looking like the other girls in school. The central idea in personality and outlook on life. The majority of the story is the mother trying to depict Let her be. There is still enough to live by†¦Only help her to know-that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron† (Peggy). The mother spend any more time dwelling on it. Just let her be, she will be fine. The mother vs.. Herself and the central idea of the mother trying to explain why her daughter is the way she is are both related in that they are both based on how the mother has raised her daughter. I enjoyed this story; I think the mother shouldn't be so hard on herself because parenting is not a skill that can be mastered to

Introduction to Business Management

In order for an organization to be successful they must hire and retain talented and productive employees to keep the business going strong. In order to ensure that the organization is hiring the correct employee the business must come up with an organized plan, or a pre-hilling assessment plan to properly screen all potential candidates for the Job. According to an online article from A&R Associates, Interviews alone cannot properly screen a potential hire, the Interview Is only about twenty five percent accurate in placing the proper individual (A&R Associates, 2013).If an organization was in the process of hiring for the open position of the President of a major retail store chain they would want to ensure they had a thorough pre-hire assessment plan prior to accepting applications or conducting any interviews. Obviously this position is at the top of the chain and very important to the organization's success. Therefore, it is very important that the company does its homework up f ront and increases the chances of hiring the right person the first time.The first step to ensuring the organization Is ready to hire the position of President Is to employ a Job modeling methodology which will be utilized to Identify personal competencies that are required to perform the specific Job that Is being hired (Fisher, 2011). Ensuring this Is accomplished from the start will allow the company to run a comparison between different job candidates, which in turn will ensure the correct applicant is ultimately selected for the position.This process also helps an organization reduce unnecessary turn over. After the Job description is written and approved the next step would be to research the potential candidates Job history by talking to previous supervisors as ell as the upper management of their previous Job or jobs. This will allow the manager to assess the candidates skills based on previous job experience and may also give some Information on the candidates personality a nd aptitude for the Job.Since this Job Is at the top level it is Important that the pre-hiring assessment also Include various tests for measuring key competencies, such as: achievement tests, which will help measure how well the candidate has been trained; Integrity tests, which measures the candidates attitudes towards dishonesty: and last but not least he biographical inventory, which will help the employer determine the type of person the candidate is by looking into their prior history (Fisher, 2011). Different levels of positions require different levels of screening in order to get the right candidate into the position.For a position as high up as President it is important for the company to screen the candidate for how strategic, rule conscious, motivating, and emotionally intelligent they are by administering cognitive, personality, and ability tests (Fisher, 2011). Once the organization has developed the necessary pre-hire assessment plan It Is extremely Important that the staff members administering the interviews, tests, and analyzing the results are educated regarding this process and that they understand they must keep this Information confidential (Fisher, 2011).The employer should also give feedback to candidates that are not hired to ensure candidates think there is a discriminatory reason they did not get hired it will also help them in the future hiring process (Fisher, 2011). Overall it is necessary for an organization to employ a pre-hiring assessment plan to keep the playing field fair; however, it is equally important to ensure this process is assessed by employing assessment experts to ensure all is implemented fairly and that it adheres to EEOC and DAD policy (Fisher, 2011).

Forever Strong Essay

We all can understand that there is no â€Å"I† in â€Å"team† but how many of us can honestly say we know the significance and appreciation of a team. Forever Strong is a sports drama inspired by actual events. We are introduced to a troubled rugby player, Rick, who injuries himself and his girlfriend driving drunk and finds himself in a juvenile detention center, not knowing this journey will forever change his life. Rick is given the choice to decide between jail and playing rugby for his hometown’s ultimate rival, Highland, which also means playing against his dad, his hometown’s coach. With every scene we are able to see Rick’s struggle with understanding the value of teamwork and the desire to become a better person. It’s not uncommon for someone to neglect the obvious opportunity that is ahead of them, but many never will get over their own ego to do what is best for them. Rick’s first day of practice at Highland he is given a taste of what it means to be a part of a team but he doesn’t quite like the idea of playing for a team who he has competed against and loathed. He tries his hardest to be the star while his teammates try their hardest to put him in his place. At the end of the day his new coach makes the team promise they will keep their bodies clean, eat right, and stay away from drugs and alcohol while Rick makes a complete joke out of it. You begin to see the relevance of this scene throughout the movie while Rick slowly begins to understand the significance of teamwork and what it means to the rest of his teammates. The thoughts that one has going through their head as they encounter something surreal are not only sincere but indescribable. After a phenomenal victory not only for Highland but for Rick, personally, as he allows himself to open his eyes to being a part of a team, the team pulls over to help a family with car troubles and a terrible incident occurs leaving a teammate dead. All Rick can do is â€Å"run it out,† as he handles the impact of the news. Rick decides to stop the drugs and alcohol in order to be a better man and live in honor of his former teammate. Rick later on in the movie has pride in him and confessed, â€Å"I don’t do ANYTHING to embarrass myself, my team, and my family. Rick is given a positive evaluation from his guidance counselor to go home just in time to play against Highland for the championship game. He is quickly pressured into revealing â€Å"Highland’s secrets,† refusing, causing his friends to set him up with drugs and alcohol and getting caught by the cops. He tries over and over to plead his case that he has changed to his peers and family, resulting in a failure, until a former friend tells the truth about what really happened. Rick ultimately wonders where his loyalty lies. We all come to what seems like a fork in the road; we have no idea why life is tugging on us so hard but we eventually figured out what we have to do in order to protect yourself and your morals. Rick was shown the value of teamwork and selflessness while he was at Highland; although, he knew his teammates needed him for the game and he decided to go play for Highland where he was welcomed with open arms by his teammates to fulfill their common goal – win the championship game and come together as a whole. Forever Strong is much more than a movie about rugby, it’s about how one man struggles to become something much bigger than himself.

Guest lecturer reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Guest lecturer reports - Essay Example Thus engineers are part of the problem solving process and apply an analytical approach in providing solutions. The knowledge of social construction of technology aids in the comprehension of societal problems in relation to the existing economic needs of the people. Therefore engineers are able to device appropriate solutions technically to suit the changing economic trends. Engineers are social scientific practitioners who mainly link scientific discoveries and the commercial applications to meet the day today societal and consumer needs (Anastasia & Reshma, 2009). This is incredibly plausible through the ideas this clever bunch of professionals put forward to act as economic solutions to technical problems in relation to the application of scientific principles. Sociology of technology is a theory that argues on the basis of human action shaping technology. One of the distinctive characteristics of technology is that it’s socially shaped i.e. a new technology available at o ne time may be developed and implemented following consumer interests. Thus a working technology is rendered unsuccessful when it does not meet the prevailing standards of consumer interests (Bijker, Wiebe, Thomas, Hughes, Trevor, & Pinch, 1987). Engineering socio-technical system defines societal roles in determining what design should be used by engineers to construct a device that is generally accepted, at certain limits. It is this design that influences the implementation of a particular technology at a particular time. As a theory and a methodology, SCOT analyses the causes of success and failure to a particular technology through formalizing appropriate scientific procedures and principles. This argument is evident in the evolution of bicycle, innovating different designs. The first invention of the bicycle was the velocipede, which was difficult to mount, had a poor braking system and the front wheel tended to clean itself on the cyclist's trousers while negotiating bents. T his paved way for penny-farthing part of the developmental process to find an efficient form of personal transport. Similarly, it took a cyclist some practice to learn how to get into and off the high wheel. This, accompanied by risks of tumbling for longer distances when one lost control, called for a new invention. The bicyclette, also known as safety bicycle, is the first chain-drive with advantages over the other inventions. The bicycle invention may be summarized in an innovation model continuum, as shown below. The linear innovation model suggests that the technical change in bicycle occurs in a linear fashion as illustrated in the flow chart below. On the other hand, multi-directional model provides a wider view on the relationship of the subsequent designs (Sismondo, 1993). Illustration 1: Linear Model of Innovation Illustration 2: Multi-directional Model Social analytical approach spells out clearly the diverse problems that need corrections, thus, which are very fundamenta l for my understanding. The interpretive flexibility stage analyses the problems affecting the male, elderly and female cyclists. By this, understand the requirements of the elderly, male, and female cyclists. The ordinary bicycle contributed major to the development of bicycles albeit having limitations on the elderly cyclists and female cyclists. It was rendered for young and athletic men who were thought to withstand its tumbling menace when it suddenly hit a rough surface, and also the rider's position over the centre of the

Crisis Intervention Lesson Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Crisis Intervention Lesson Plan - Essay Example 1). The primary goal of crisis intervention is to "help subjects in crisis defuse their emotions, lowering the potential for violence in an incident and buying time for better decision making and tactical preparations" (Regini, 2004, p. 1). Crisis negotiations is not a solution to ones problems rather it is a means to calm the subject enough to find other short term means of coping with their perceived stressors short term to end the current crisis situation with minimal force. Before discussing specific instances where crisis intervention is utilized, a brief understanding of the key skills involved in crisis intervention will be outlined as follows: empathy, active listening, being nonjudgmental, and setting of boundaries, the ability to restate the subject's often emotional ideas and thoughts, and problem solving skills. One of the basic tenets of crisis intervention understands and recognizing the range of motions involved in crisis situations. To one degree or another each of us has experienced fear, rejection anger, frustration and depression. This basic human understanding coupled with the skill set listed previously and a police officers tactical knowledge will enable him to effectively deal with a crisis situation. Em Empathy is not a static behavior nor is it merely showing sympathy or pity for the subject's actions or situation. Empathy involves both listening and understanding the subject's current situation. It does not mean that there is necessarily agreement or disagreement merely understanding. The goal of empathy is to develop a means of communicating which enables the subject to develop trust. According to Regini (2004) without some level of trust between the police officer and the subject there can be no peaceful resolution of the situation. To achieve this trust, it becomes obvious the empathy involves the use of active listening skills in order to facilitate the bond between the police officer and the subject. As the term implies, active listening is more than listening to the subject and nodding in approval. Active listening requires demonstrated behaviors by the officer. Without communication no trust can develop; therefore, active listening involves engaging the subject into communication and maintaining that communication. Allowing the subject to vent eases the emotions the situation and begins to allow him to focus on dealing with the short term problem, not escalating the current situation. One of the primary techniques of active listening is reflection - restating what the subject has said and the emotions that are interlaced with it. According to Regini (2004) the FBI has found eight strategies of active listening all of which involve reflection that have proven to be very effective in diffusing a highly charged, volatile situation. These include: Emotion Labeling Paraphrasing Reflecting/Mirroring Effective Pauses Minimal Encouragers 'I' Messages Summarization Open-ended questions/statements (p. 3). One of the most critical aspects of developing trust through empathy is the ability